Surface Analysis:  X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Turner, N. H.; Schreifels, John A.

doi:10.1021/a19600146

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 341 publications

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“…• H and He not detectable 129 • Damage and decomposition of soft and metastable materials 131 • Preferential sputtering during depth-profiling can remove more volatile components and change composition 30 • Beam-induced changes in oxidation state 129 • Binding energy shift due to charge accumulation, as well as junction and surface photovoltage 129,132 • Gas-phase surface contaminants can occur 129 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) Sample irradiated with 3-20 keV electrons, ejecting core-level electrons in atoms and creating vacancies. Relaxation of outer electron to vacancy results in emission of Auger electron.…”

Section: Page 10 Of 39 Acs Paragon Plus Environment Chemistry Of Matementioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations

et al. 2017

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ABSTRACT:Recently, there has been an explosive growth in research based on hybrid lead-halide perovskites for photovoltaics owing to rapid improvements in efficiency. The advent of these materials for solar applications has led to widespread interest in understanding the key enabling properties of these materials. This has resulted in renewed interest in related compounds and a search for materials that may replicate the defect-tolerant properties and long lifetimes of the hybrid lead-halide perovskites. Given the rapid pace of development of the field, the rises in efficiencies of these systems have outpaced the more basic understanding of these materials. Measuring or calculating the basic properties, such as crystal/electronic structure and composition, can be challenging because some of these materials have anisotropic structures, and/or are composed of both heavy metal cations and volatile, mobile, light elements. Some consequences are beam damage during characterization, composition change under vacuum, or compound effects, such as the alteration of the electronic structure through the influence of the substrate. These effects make it challenging to understand the basic properties integral to optoelectronic operation. Compounding these difficulties is the rapid pace with which the field progresses. This has created an ongoing need to continually evaluate best practices with respect to characterization and calculations, as well as to identify inconsistencies in reported values to determine if those inconsistencies are rooted in characterization methodology or materials synthesis. This article describes the difficulties in characterizing hybrid lead-halide perovskites and new materials, and how these challenges may be overcome. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2 challenges discussed. The focus in this article is on crystallography, composition measurements, photoemission spectroscopy and calculations on perovskites and new, related absorbers. We suggest how some of the important artifacts could be avoided and how the reporting for each technique could be streamlined between groups to ensure reproducibility as the field progresses.

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Section: Page 10 Of 39 Acs Paragon Plus Environment Chemistry Of Matementioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations

et al. 2017

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Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Xps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) allows to study the materials surface, permitting to know the chemical composition and to establish the involved bonds [218][219][220]. It consists in the irradiation of a sample with a monochromatic x-ray source: photons enter the material and undergo various interactions, leading to the photoelectric effect and the Auger emission.…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Xps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Upgrading Lignocellulosic Biomasses: Hydrogenolysis of Platform Derived Molecules Promoted by Heterogeneous Pd-Fe Catalysts

et al. 2017

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Abstract:This review provides an overview of heterogeneous bimetallic Pd-Fe catalysts in the C-C and C-O cleavage of platform molecules such as C2-C6 polyols, furfural, phenol derivatives and aromatic ethers that are all easily obtainable from renewable cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (the major components of lignocellulosic biomasses). The interaction between palladium and iron affords bimetallic Pd-Fe sites (ensemble or alloy) that were found to be very active in several sustainable reactions including hydrogenolysis, catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis (CTH) and aqueous phase reforming (APR) that will be highlighted. This contribution concentrates also on the different synthetic strategies (incipient wetness impregnation, deposition-precipitaion, co-precipitaion) adopted for the preparation of heterogeneous Pd-Fe systems as well as on the main characterization techniques used (XRD, TEM, H 2 -TPR, XPS and EXAFS) in order to elucidate the key factors that influence the unique catalytic performances observed.

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“…X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an effective and reliable analytical method for elemental identification and quantification of the chemical states of active surface atoms because it is surface sensitive and non-destructive [9]. Most XPS studies of magnetite were focused on the determination of the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratio [10,11] and the effects on the adsorption, reduction, or removal of heavy metals [12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The photoelectron spectrum of transition metal oxides is typically complicated due to peak asymmetries, complex multiplet splitting, shake-up and plasmon loss structures, and uncertain, overlapping energies [9,15]. For example, the Fe 2p region (700-740 eV) overlaps with the Auger peak of Co (713 eV); similarly, the Auger peak of Fe (784 eV) appears within the Co 2p region (770-815 eV) [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of Fe and Co in Co-substituted magnetite using XPS: The application of non-linear least squares fitting (NLLSF)

Wei

et al. 2016

Applied Surface Science

134

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Surface Analysis: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Cited by 26 publications

References 341 publications

Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations

Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations

Upgrading Lignocellulosic Biomasses: Hydrogenolysis of Platform Derived Molecules Promoted by Heterogeneous Pd-Fe Catalysts

Quantitative analysis of Fe and Co in Co-substituted magnetite using XPS: The application of non-linear least squares fitting (NLLSF)

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