The monolayer behavior of a rhodamine derivative with two C 18 aliphatic chains attached to the nitrogen atoms of the xanthene ring system (RhC 18 ) was studied by epifluorescence microscopy, second-harmonic generation (SHG), and absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The isotherm of RhC 18 exhibits a plateau which, presumably, corresponds to a slow collapse of the monolayer. As observed by epifluorescence microscopy, the RhC 18 monolayer remained homogeneous for a large range of molecular areas, and an abrupt change in the monolayer morphology occurred at the end of the surface pressure isotherm. Spectroscopic data showed that both fluorescent J-aggregates and nonfluorescent H-aggregates with a coplanar-inclined configuration were formed within the RhC 18 monolayer upon compression. The orientational SHG measurements revealed that, in the expanded region of the isotherm, the RhC 18 chromophore was oriented in a way where its xanthene plane made an angle of 36°with respect to the interface. The azimuthal angle SHG measurements revealed that compression induced an anisotropic arrangement of the S 0 -S 1 transition moment of RhC 18 chromophores perpendicular to the compression direction. At the end of the isotherm prior to and after the collapse point, the film possessed a fairly regular structure characterized by a C 2V symmetry packing and a long-range order in the parallel alignment of the RhC 18 chromophores. Microscopic organization of the RhC 18 molecules in monolayers is discussed.