Surface Area Respiration During the Hatching of Encysted Embryos of the Brine Shrimp, Artemia Salina

Abstract

Oxygen consumption of Artemia salina was measured during development in 0.5 M NaCl at 25° C. A pattern is seen in which the rate of oxygen consumption increases rapidly within the first few hours after hydration, remains constant for a time, and then increases rapidly again while most of the embryos are emerging. This pattern is dependent upon surface area of the developing embryo. During emergence, the surface area of the embryo increases 172% over the surface area of the encysted embryo. During the same development period, oxygen uptake increases by almost the same factor.

The impact of selected abiotic factors on Artemia hatching process through real-time observation of oxygen changes in a microfluidic platform

“…This work aims to unify environmental conditions and extend the understanding of the effects of abiotic parameters beyond the endpoint metric of hatching rate to an in-depth, mechanistic analysis of their impacts on the hatching process of Artemia . The four distinct stages of hatching of Artemia —(1) hydration, (2) differentiation, (3) emergence, and (4) hatching 33 can be differentiated based on the morphological changes and metabolism 34 , 35 . In this study, we have integrated an optical oxygen sensor in a microfluidic “aquarium” to monitor rate of oxygen consumption, also referred to as routine metabolic rate 36 , in real-time throughout the entire hatching process, while an optical microscope is employed to capture photomicrographs of the hatching cysts at regular time intervals.…”

Real-time assessment of the impacts of polystyrene and silver nanoparticles on the hatching process and early-stage development of Artemia using a microfluidic platform

“…The hatching process of Artemia consists of four distinct stages, encompassing the encysted state to swimming nauplii. 91 Fig. 1 illustrates photomicrographs of hatching cyst morphological changes at different stages (Fig.…”

“…1B) while not exposed to NP (control). In addition to physical change, each hatching stage can be identified by energy metabolism, [91][92][93] which is directly related to oxygen consumption and quantified by DDOC using an on-chip oxygen sensor (Text S3, ESI †) (Fig. 1B).…”

“…1A(i)]. 94 Cellular energy metabolism is then reactivated along with RNA and protein synthesis, 92,95 resulting in an increase in the aROC [Fig. 1B(i)].…”

The impact of selected abiotic factors on zooplankton hatching process through real-time, in-situ observation

“…No reuse allowed without permission. The hatching process of Artemia can be divided into four stages: i) hydration, ii) differentiation, iii) emergence, and iv) hatching (Emerson, 1967), where each stage is characterized by a different energy metabolism (Drinkwater and Crowe, 1991;Emerson, 1963). Fig.…”