Surface characteristics and in vitro biocompatibility of titanium anodized in a phosphoric acid solution at different voltages

Abstract

The surface of commercially pure titanium was modified by anodization treatment in a phosphoric acid solution at different voltages: 100 V, 200 V and 300 V. The surface characteristics of anodic TiO2 layers and their influence on the cell response were investigated. Micrographs by scanning electron microscopy revealed that the dense and uniform oxide layer obtained at 100 V exhibits a nanostructured surface which is similar to the surface of natural tooth cementum. In contrast, porous oxide layers without nanometer features were produced at higher voltages. Thin film x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the existence of anatase in the oxide layer obtained at 300 V, but not in oxide layers obtained at 100 V and 200 V. The in vitro biocompatibility study of oxide layers demonstrated greater cell adhesion and proliferation of the oxide layer obtained at 100 V compared to the other two kinds of oxide layers.

Steam-induced changes in surface characteristics and corrosion resistance of spark-anodized titanium

“…The crystal growth in these places was not easily obstructed by adjacent crystals, making the formation of long wire-like crystals possible there. The energy dispersive spectrometry analysis of the wire-like products showed that the [Ti]/[P] ratio was close to 1.0, which is indicative of Ti(OH)PO 4 .…”

“…It has long been thought that their corrosion resistance can be further improved by any surface treatments that can thicken the surface TiO 2 film [3]. The frequently-used techniques to thicken the TiO 2 film include thermal spraying, thermal annealing and electrochemical anodization [3,4]. Among these techniques, anodization of titanium has attracted great attention because it is simple to perform and the fabricated TiO 2 films exhibit enough thickness, good adhesion and varied structures [4,5].…”

“…The frequently-used techniques to thicken the TiO 2 film include thermal spraying, thermal annealing and electrochemical anodization [3,4]. Among these techniques, anodization of titanium has attracted great attention because it is simple to perform and the fabricated TiO 2 films exhibit enough thickness, good adhesion and varied structures [4,5]. The anodization treatment performed at a voltage higher than the breakdown voltage is known as spark-anodizing or micro-arc oxidation [5,6].…”

Surface morphology, phase structure and property evolution of anodized titanium during water vapor exposure

“…1a and b presents the typical surface appearance of titanium anodized at a voltage exceeding the breakdown voltage. The breakdown voltage of titanium depends on the type and concentration of electrolyte [22][23][24]. For the anodization of titanium in 1 M phosphoric acid solution, the breakdown voltage is about 150 V [24].…”

Titanium bioactivity surfaces obtained by chemical/electrochemical treatments

“…Anodic oxidation technique presents some advantages such as easily well-adhered oxide film deposited on titanium surface through an electrochemical process. Porous and roughness films can be formed by applying high voltage to produce dielectric breakdown [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Extensive research in titanium shows that the morphology, surface chemistry, roughness, rutile and anatase phases significantly influences the apatite-inducing ability [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”