Surface Characterization of Polythiophene:Fullerene Blends on Different Electrodes Using Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

Tillack, Andreas F.; Noone, Kevin M.; MacLeod, Bradley A.; Nordlund, Dennis; Nagle, K. P.; Bradley, J. A.; Hau, Steven K.; Yip, Hin‐Lap; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.; Seidler, Gerald T.; Ginger, David S.

doi:10.1021/am101055r

Cited by 38 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The vertical stratification can be controlled based on the modification of the surface energy of the substrate and the casting materials. Evidence shows that the modification of the substrate surface tends to affect the stratification in the interface or bulk region rather than at the top surface region . For example, DSIMS measurements of APFO‐3:PCBM blend films showed that, whilst the free surface is always enriched with the lower‐surface‐energy component APFO‐3, the composition profiles near the substrate interface can be changed by changing the substrate from silicon to gold .…”

Section: Surface Free Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjugated‐Polymer Blends for Organic Photovoltaics: Rational Control of Vertical Stratification for High Performance

2017

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The photoactive layer of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells, in a thickness range of tens to hundreds of nanometers, comprises phase-separated electron donors and acceptors after solution casting. The component distribution in the cross-section of these thin films is found to be heterogeneous, with electron donors or acceptors accumulated or depleted near the electrode interfaces. This vertical stratification of the photovoltaic blend influences device metrics through its impact on charge transport and recombination, and consequently plays an important role in determining the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Here, different techniques, e.g., surface analysis and sputter-assisted depth-profiling, reflectivity modeling, and 3D imaging, that have been employed to characterize vertical stratification in bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic blends are reviewed. The origins of vertical stratification are summarized, including thermodynamics, kinetics, surface free energy, and selective dissolubility. The impact of correct and wrong vertical stratification to device metrics of solar cells are highlighted. Examples are then given to demonstrate how desired vertical stratification can be controlled with properly aligned device architecture to enable solar cells with high efficiency.

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Section: Surface Free Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjugated‐Polymer Blends for Organic Photovoltaics: Rational Control of Vertical Stratification for High Performance

2017

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“…XANES may effectively identify various elements or the same element but in various chemical environment, which is very suitable for the characterization of the film composition . Actually, XANES has been widely applied to investigate the surface and interface composition in solar cells …”

Section: Carbon Nanostructures In Energy Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the enrichment of P3HT was found to modify with octyltrichlorosilane at the buried interface of SiO 2 with low surface energy . Another example showed the investigation of the top surface composition in blended P3HT and PCBM by using XANES . Tillack et al found the enrichment of P3HT at the top surface by XANES spectra and revealed that the substrate treatments didn't affect the enrichment, thus the changed performance by substrate treatments should be related to the substrate interface or the bulk of the film .…”

Section: Carbon Nanostructures In Energy Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another example showed the investigation of the top surface composition in blended P3HT and PCBM by using XANES . Tillack et al found the enrichment of P3HT at the top surface by XANES spectra and revealed that the substrate treatments didn't affect the enrichment, thus the changed performance by substrate treatments should be related to the substrate interface or the bulk of the film . XANES was also shown to be effective to detect the doping and charge transfer in solar cells .…”

Section: Carbon Nanostructures In Energy Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synchrotron Soft X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Carbon and Silicon Nanostructures for Energy Applications

et al. 2014

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Carbon and silicon materials are two of the most important materials involved in the history of the science and technology development. In the last two decades, C and Si nanoscale materials, e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, and silicon nanowires, and quantum dots, have also emerged as the most interesting nanomaterials in nanoscience and nanotechnology for their myriad promising applications such as for electronics, sensors, biotechnology, etc. In particular, carbon and silicon nanostructures are being utilized in energy-related applications such as catalysis, batteries, solar cells, etc., with significant advances. Understanding of the nature of surface and electronic structures of nanostructures plays a key role in the development and improvement of energy conversion and storage nanosystems. Synchrotron soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and related techniques, such as X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), show unique capability in revealing the surface and electronic structures of C and Si nanomaterials. In this review, XAS is demonstrated as a powerful technique for probing chemical bonding, the electronic structure, and the surface chemistry of carbon and silicon nanomaterials, which can greatly enhance the fundamental understanding and also applicability of these nanomaterials in energy applications. The focus is on the unique advantages of XAS as a complementary tool to conventional microscopy and spectroscopy for effectively providing chemical and structural information about carbon and silicon nanostructures. The employment of XAS for in situ, real-time study of property evolution of C and Si nanostructures to elucidate the mechanisms in energy conversion or storage processes is also discussed.

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“…This has been shown to be critical in understanding how some devices operate, as for example in section 4.2, where charge transport in the vicinity of the donor-acceptor heterojunction of an OPV had a more substantial effect on GR than did the meso-scale morphology. However, some features on the meso-scale are of interest, such as the presence of wetting layers [443] which accumulate at the electrodes OPVs [444][445][446][447][448], or the degree of mixing of the matrix and dye in an OLED [449]. Furthermore, although research has generally centred on what optical and electronic properties using a blend of OSCs can endow a device (e.g.…”

Section: Different Ways Of Defining Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating charge transport in organic semiconductors and devices: a review

Groves

2016

Rep. Prog. Phys.

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The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractCharge transport simulation can be a valuable tool to better understand, optimise and design organic transistors (OTFTs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This review presents an overview of common charge transport and device models; namely drift-diffusion, master equation, mesoscale kinetic Monte Carlo and quantum chemical Monte Carlo, and a discussion of the relative merits of each. This is followed by a review of the application of these models as applied to charge transport in organic semiconductors and devices, highlighting in particular the insights made possible by modelling. The review concludes with an outlook for charge transport modelling in organic electronics.

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Surface Characterization of Polythiophene:Fullerene Blends on Different Electrodes Using Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

Cited by 38 publications

References 47 publications

Conjugated‐Polymer Blends for Organic Photovoltaics: Rational Control of Vertical Stratification for High Performance

Conjugated‐Polymer Blends for Organic Photovoltaics: Rational Control of Vertical Stratification for High Performance

Synchrotron Soft X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Carbon and Silicon Nanostructures for Energy Applications

Simulating charge transport in organic semiconductors and devices: a review

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