Surface characterization, shear strength, and bioactivity of anodized titanium prepared in mixed-acid electrolytes

Jain, Sakshi; Williamson, S; Roach, Michael D.

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.07.010

Cited by 19 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…9–12 Previous anodization studies have shown that sulfur (S) and phosphorous (P) can be successfully incorporated into titanium oxide via anodization in an electrolyte containing phosphoric acid, and that P uptake increases with forming voltage. 10,47 The EDS results from the current study confirmed a uniform distribution of P across the surface and throughout the oxide layer thickness on A180 and C180 specimens. XPS results also confirmed the P and S uptake were in the same chemical states as those previously reported in other anodization studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The crystallinity and morphology of the anodized oxide layers in the current study are consistent with those that have been previously observed in our laboratory using the same electrolytes and processes. 9–12 Previous anodization studies have shown that sulfur (S) and phosphorous (P) can be successfully incorporated into titanium oxide via anodization in an electrolyte containing phosphoric acid, and that P uptake increases with forming voltage. 10,47 The EDS results from the current study confirmed a uniform distribution of P across the surface and throughout the oxide layer thickness on A180 and C180 specimens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to anodization, specimens were dipped in a nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid solution (10:1 ratio) for 30 s to remove the naturally occurring amorphous oxide layer and any remaining cutting fluid residues, rinsed with distilled water, and dried with laboratory forced air as in previous studies. 8–10,43…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 Electrochemical surface modification techniques, such as anodization, have been used to increase oxide thickness, crystallize the oxide structure into anatase and rutile phases, introduce nano-sized surface features and porosities, and incorporate beneficial chemical dopants into the oxide layer. 7–12 Combinations of these oxide surface modifications have been shown to improve bioactivity and accelerate the osseointegration of titanium implant surfaces, but there is also a potential for reducing bacterial attachment to prevent infection. 12–16…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research in our labs was performed to develop mixed-acid electrolyte solutions to anodize commercially pure titanium grade 4 (CPTi4) and produce primarily anatase, primarily rutile, or anatase-rutile combination surfaces. 9,10 The primary objective of the current study was to compare the photocatalytic activity of primarily anatase, primarily rutile, and anatase-rutile combination anodized surfaces to un-anodized CPTi4 surfaces. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated using two common testing methodologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photocatalytic activity and antibacterial efficacy of UVA-treated titanium oxides

et al. 2020

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Studies have shown ultraviolet-A (UVA) irradiation of crystalline titanium oxides leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via a photocatalytic process. The ROS exhibit antimicrobial properties that may be of benefit in preventing bacterial attachment to implant devices. Recent studies have suggested a potential benefit of mixed anatase and rutile oxides and dopants on the photocatalytic properties of titanium oxides. The goal of this work was to compare the photocatalytic activity of different anodized commercially pure titanium grade 4 (CPTi4) surfaces. CPTi4 specimens were anodized in three mixed-acid electrolytes to create crystalline oxide surfaces that were either primarily anatase, primarily rutile, or a combination of anatase and rutile. Additionally, the primarily anatase and combination oxides incorporated some phosphorous from the phosphoric acid component in the electrolyte. The photocatalytic activity of the anodized specimens was measured using both methylene blue (MB) degradation assay and comparing the attachment of S. aureus under irradiation with UVA light of differing intensities (1 mW/cm2, 8 mW/cm2, and 23 mW/cm2). Primarily rutile oxides exhibited significantly higher levels of MB degradation after exposure to 1 mW/cm2 UVA lights. Primarily rutile specimens also had the largest reduction in bacterial attachment followed by the mixed phase specimens and the primarily anatase specimens at 1 mW/cm2 UVA lights. Phosphorous-doped, mixed phase oxides exhibited an accelerated MB degradation response during exposure to 8 mW/cm2 and 23 mW/cm2 UVA lights. All anodized and unanodized CPTi4 groups revealed similar S. aureus attachment at the two higher UVA intensities. Although MB degradation assay and the bacteria attachment assay both confirmed photocatalytic activity of the oxides formed in this study, the results of the MB degradation assay did not accurately predict the oxides performance against S. aureus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photocatalytic activity and antibacterial efficacy of UVA-treated titanium oxides

et al. 2020

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Antibacterial and biocompatible polyaniline‐doped titanium oxide layers

et al. 2022

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Titanium anodization has been shown to produce crystalline oxides exhibiting photocatalytic reactions that form reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to UV light. The ROS subsequently attack bacteria cells, and thus reduce bacteria attachment on titanium implant surfaces. Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer that has shown antibacterial properties when electropolymerized onto titanium. Our research group hypothesized the addition of PANI to crystalline titanium oxide surfaces would increase the available free electrons and thus increase photocatalytic activity (PCA). This research led to the development of a novel single‐step anodization approach for PANI doping crystalline titanium oxide layers. The objective of the present study was to determine the proper aniline electrolyte concentration needed to maximize the PCA and reduce bacterial attachment on the formed oxides. Aniline concentrations up to 1 M were added into a 1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte. The formed oxides exhibited increased PANI surface coverage but decreased anatase and rutile crystalline titanium oxide phase formation with increasing aniline electrolyte concentrations. Despite exhibiting the lowest levels of anatase and rutile formation, the 0.75 M and 1 M aniline oxides with the greatest PANI surface coverage also exhibited the highest PCA levels. 1 M aniline oxides showed significantly higher PCA under UVA irradiation compared to oxides formed from aniline concentrations up to 0.5 M (p < 0.001). 0.75 M aniline oxides exhibited significant reductions in Staphylococcus aureus attachment with or without UVA irradiation compared to control oxides without PANI. MTT and live/dead assays confirmed cytocompatibility and nearly 100% cell viability for the PANI doped oxides.

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Photocatalytic, phosphorus‐doped, anatase oxide layers applicable to titanium implant alloys

Hardman

Johnson

Doukas

et al. 2022

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Titanium alloys provide excellent corrosion resistance and favorable mechanical properties well suited for a variety of biomaterial applications. The native oxide surface on titanium alloys has been shown to be less than ideal and surface modification is often needed. Previously, an optimized anodization process was shown to form a porous phosphorus‐enhanced anatase oxide layer on commercially pure Ti grade 4. The anodized layer was shown to improve osseointegration and to reduce bacteria attachment when photocatalytically activated with UVA preillumination. The primary objective of the present study was to create a similar phosphorus‐enhanced anatase oxide layer on series of titanium alloys including commercially pure Ti grade 4, Ti‐6Al‐7Nb, Ti‐6Al‐4V ELI, alpha + beta Ti‐15Mo, beta Ti‐15Mo, and Ti‐35Nb‐7Zr‐5Ta. Phosphorus‐enhanced anatase oxide layers were formed on each titanium substrate. Anatase formation was shown to generally increase with oxide thickness, except on substrate alloys containing niobium. Phosphorus uptake was shown to be dependent on the titanium alloy chemistry or microstructure. Anodized layers formed on beta‐structured titanium alloys revealed the lowest phosphorus uptake and the most nanosized surface porosity. A methylene blue degradation assay showed anodized layers on commercially pure Ti and both Ti‐15Mo alloys to exhibit the highest levels of photocatalytic activity. Given the range of mechanical properties available with the commercially pure Ti and Ti‐15Mo alloys, the results of this study indicate the benefits of phosphorus‐enhanced anatase oxide coatings may be applicable to a wide variety of biomaterial applications.

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Surface characterization, shear strength, and bioactivity of anodized titanium prepared in mixed-acid electrolytes

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Photocatalytic activity and antibacterial efficacy of UVA-treated titanium oxides

Photocatalytic activity and antibacterial efficacy of UVA-treated titanium oxides

Antibacterial and biocompatible polyaniline‐doped titanium oxide layers

Photocatalytic, phosphorus‐doped, anatase oxide layers applicable to titanium implant alloys

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