Surface Chemistry of Surfactants and Polymers

Kronberg, Bengt; Holmberg, Krister; Lindman, Björn

doi:10.1002/9781118695968

Cited by 227 publications

(264 citation statements)

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“…Thef ormation of the spherical structure was attributed to the strong electrostatic repulsion between the anionic head groups,t hus leading to ah igh curvature of the TPE-SDS micelle core. [4] Furthermore,t he electrical double layer formed at the micelle-water interface has a z-potential value of greater than À50 mV,t hus demonstrating good dispersion stability of the resulting TPE-SDS micelles.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[15] Rodlike micelles were directly observed when 0.5 m aqueous NaCl was added to the solution of the TPE-SDS micelles ( Figure 3B,E) because the repulsion between anionic heads in the micelle is reduced when the electrical double layer surrounding the anionic heads is compressed. [4] Closer packing of the anionic heads leads to at ransformation of micelle structure from spherical to rodlike.More interestingly,asthe NaCl concentration was increased to 1.0 m,t he tendencyo ft he micelles to become elongated became more obvious until wormlike micelles could be clearly seen ( Figure 3C,F). In conclusion, direct visualization clearly disclosed the processes of micelle transition from spherical, to rodlike,a nd finally to wormlike structures.…”

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“…[4] In principle,t he formation of micelles could be directly visualized by confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) if the micellar aggregates could emit light. Although the unimers of well-known fluorescent surfactants emit intensely,their luminescence is quenched upon the formation of micelles as ar esult of the intrinsic aggregation-causedquenching (ACQ) effect.…”

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Synthesis and Design of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Surfactants: Direct Observation of Micelle Transitions and Microemulsion Droplets

et al. 2015

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The direct visualization of micelle transitions is along-standing challenge owing to the intractable aggregationcaused quenching of light emission in the micelle solution. Herein, we report the synthesis of asurfactant with atetraphenylethene (TPE) core and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics.T he transition processes of surfactant micelles and the microemulsion droplets (MEDs) formed by the surfactant with aT PE core were clearly visualizedb y ahigh-contrast fluorescence imaging method. The fluorescence intensity of the MEDs decreased as the size of MEDs increased as ar esult of weakening of the restriction of intramolecular rotation (RIR). The results of this study deepen our understanding of micelle-transition processes and provides olid evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the AIE phenomenon has its origin in the RIR of fluorophores in the aggregate state.

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Synthesis and Design of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Surfactants: Direct Observation of Micelle Transitions and Microemulsion Droplets

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“…However, it was never used in preparing the PbO 2 anode in early research and there is no similar research expounding the effects of AEO on electroplates. 8,10,12 We select low polymerization degree AEO in this case due to its preferable properties.Physics characterizations were used to explain the effects of AEO on the phase composition and microstructure of PbO 2 electrode, and electrochemical measurement methods were applied to investigate the PbO 2 electrodeposition mechanism and the behavior of electrocrystallization in the presence of AEO. A scientific research method was applied in this case and the results can provide a specific idea for other studies in this field.…”

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Effects of Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether AEO on PbO₂Structure and Electrodeposition Behavior

Yan

Chen

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this work, the Ti/PbO 2 anode materials were prepared from nitrate solutions in the presence of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether AEO to study the effects of AEO on PbO 2 deposition. The phase composition and microstructure of electrode material were characterized by XRD and SEM. The PbO 2 electrodeposition mechanism and electrocrystallization behavior were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA) and Scharifker-Hills (SH) mechanism. The results indicate that: The material is composed by β-PbO 2 in this case and the growth orientation of the crystal face is changed by AEO; The growth model of PbO 2 crystals is in good agreement with Generalized Electrochemical Aggregative Growth Mechanism; The AEO can improve the morphology of PbO 2 plating, and makes the surface smoother without flaws; The PbO 2 electrodeposition is diffusion-irreversible-controlled process in the presence of AEO; The deposition on substrate is promoted, nevertheless, the further deposition on PbO 2 coating is restrained by AEO; The D 0 at each of step potentials, which relates to diffusion coefficient, was improved by AEO revealed variation of solution nature; The electrocrystallization of PbO 2 follows Scharifker-Hills(SH) progressive nucleation/growth mechanism with the oxygen evolution occurring simultaneously, and the AEO increased the number density of active sites but reduced the nucleation rate. As a new-type insoluble metallic oxide anode, lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) is used for nonferrous metals extracting due to its excellent electrocatalytic activity, corrosion resistance and stability. Traditional leadsilver alloy anode for zinc metallurgy is going to be replaced by Ti/PbO 2 anode owing its lower energy consumption, higher current efficiency, longer lifetime and better product quality. However, the inherent distortion leads to protrusion and exfoliation in the process of β-PbO 2 electrodeposition, and the uneven β-PbO 2 electrodeposition causes holes on the plating. Early researches show that adding specific organic additive into electrolyte can make the PbO 2 plating smoother. 1-8As a nonionic emulsifier, the development of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEOs, C n H 2n+1 O(OCH 2 CH 2 ) m H) is very fast. 9,10The AEOs are prepared by polymerizing polyethylene glycol with fatty alcohol. The m in general formula means degree of polymerization, and AEOs with different degree of polymerization show various surface properties.11 The AEO with specific degree of polymerization can decrease the surface tension, improve the surface wettability and prevent agglomeration, which is widely used to decrease the crystal size and change the structure in the process of preparing nanomaterials. However, it was never used in preparing the PbO 2 anode in early research and there is no similar research expounding the effects of AEO on electroplates. 8,10,12 We select low polymerization degree AEO in this case due to its preferable properties.Physics characterizations were used to explain the e...

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Emulsions

Chandler

2020

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Emulsions may be viewed as oil and water peacefully coexisting in varied ways. However, making emulsions is quite complex. This article is written from the point of view of a professional focusing on practical/industrial aspects and attempting to explain the fundamentals of creating emulsions for commercial use. The article starts with basic principles and then describes how to make stable emulsions, troubleshoot, and formulate new emulsion forms that provide enhanced effects.

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Surface Chemistry of Surfactants and Polymers

Cited by 227 publications

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Synthesis and Design of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Surfactants: Direct Observation of Micelle Transitions and Microemulsion Droplets

Synthesis and Design of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Surfactants: Direct Observation of Micelle Transitions and Microemulsion Droplets

Effects of Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether AEO on PbO₂Structure and Electrodeposition Behavior

Emulsions

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Surface Chemistry of Surfactants and Polymers

Cited by 227 publications

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Synthesis and Design of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Surfactants: Direct Observation of Micelle Transitions and Microemulsion Droplets

Synthesis and Design of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Surfactants: Direct Observation of Micelle Transitions and Microemulsion Droplets

Effects of Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether AEO on PbO2Structure and Electrodeposition Behavior

Emulsions

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Effects of Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether AEO on PbO₂Structure and Electrodeposition Behavior