Surface energies of metals in both liquid and solid states

Aqra, Fathi; Ayyad, Ahmed

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.01.123

Cited by 114 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…surface free energy at the growth interface and γ dv [20] due to its small surface energy (0.38 J·m -2 ) [33]. Such modifications in interfacial surface energy between the droplet and the substrate arising from the introduction of Sb flux (J Sb ), along with changes in composition [42], may lead to significant nucleus and contact angle [32] changes which could culminate in droplet expansion as depicted in Fig.…”

Section: Nano Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Sb segregation is enhanced by the low volatility of the relatively heavy Sb atom (atomic number of 51) [31,32]. In order to gain further insight into the segregation of Sb, we undertake a critical analysis of the three key drivers of equilibrium surface segregation proposed by Treglia et al [33]. Sb segregation is promoted [34,35] by: (I) The difference in surface energy between Sb and the solvent (InAs); (II) the difference in atomic size [36]; and (III) the tendency towards phase separation.…”

Section: Nano Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surfactant effect of antimony addition to the morphology of self-catalyzed InAs1−x Sb x nanowires

et al. 2014

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The effect of Sb addition on the morphology of self-catalyzed InAsSb nanowires (NWs) has been systematically investigated. InAs NWs were grown by molecular beam epitaxy with and without antimony (Sb) flux. It is demonstrated that trace amounts of Sb flux are capable of tuning the geometry of NWs, i.e., enhancing lateral growth and suppressing axial growth. We attribute this behavior to the surfactant effect of Sb which results in modifications to the kinetic and thermodynamic processes. A thermodynamic mechanism that accounts for Sb segregation in InAsSb NWs is also elucidated. This study opens a new route towards precisely controlled NW geometries by means of Sb addition.

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Section: Nano Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nano Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactant effect of antimony addition to the morphology of self-catalyzed InAs1−x Sb x nanowires

et al. 2014

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“…However, there are contradictory experimental results that indicated superior wetting of Ag on a low‐surface‐energy Ge (γ m = 0.748 J m −2 ) surfactant compared to higher‐surface‐energy Cr (γ m = 2.006 J m −2 ), Ti (γ m = 1.749 J m −2 ), and Ni (γ m = 2.08 J m −2 ) surfactants . Any generalization of this scenario indicating that a higher surface free energy of a surfactant is better for improving the wetting of objective metals, should be withheld until more evidence is collected for other surfactant materials with diverse surface free energy values that are already available in the literature . Additionally, the contribution from the applied metallic surfactants to the change in the interfacial free energy should be more clearly understood in order to improve the reliability of any prediction of the role of the surfactants, although direct measurement of the energy has been proven to be quite difficult.…”

Section: Technical Issues In Ultrathin Metal Film Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrathin Metal films for Transparent Electrodes of Flexible Optoelectronic Devices

Yun

2017

Adv Funct Materials

283

244

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1 of 21) 1606641 Recent advances in technologies utilizing an ultrathin noble-metal film in a dielectric/metal/dielectric structure, or its derivatives, have attracted attention as promising alternatives that can satisfy the requirements of flexible TCEs. This review will survey the background knowledge and recent updates of synthetic strategies and design rules toward highly efficient, flexible TCEs based on ultrathin metal films, with a special focus on the principal features and available methodologies involved in the fabrication of highly transparent, conductive, ultrathin noble-metal films. This survey will also cover the practical applications of TCEs to flexible organic solar cells and light-emitting diodes.

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“…Based on the bond breaking rule proposed in the previous literature [24], the surface tension γ liquid(ADN melt) can be correlated to surface energy by the following equation:…”

Section: Selection Of Sonication Medium and Polymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

2018

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Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in its generic form has a long needle shaped structure, which hinders higher solid loading. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize its crystal morphology into octagonal shapes. Moreover, the low critical humidity level of ADN renders it unusable in a humid climate. Hence, encapsulation with a hydrophobic polymer is necessary. In the present work, ADN was synthesized by nitration of potassium sulfamate with mixed acid nitration. The product was then mixed with toluene, graphene, citryl ammonium butyl, Cab-o-sil, and coating polymer (Polystyrene or HTPB) and treated with ultrasound to obtain semi-spherical ADN-coated particles. The method offers a reduction in operating temperature and elimination of ADN melting in the shape-altering process. In addition, the ADN product has a similar particle size and thermal stability compared to those in a conventional ADN melt-prilling method. The ADN product investigated under SEM confirms the particle morphological change from long needles into semi-spherical shapes. The particle size obtained, in the micrometer range, is ideal for higher theoretical maximum density. Furthermore, the ultrasound-treated ADN particles show significant reduction in moisture absorption, from 68% to 16% at 65% relative humidity. The DSC result shows no degradation of thermal stability of the coated particles.

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Surface energies of metals in both liquid and solid states

Cited by 114 publications

References 84 publications

Surfactant effect of antimony addition to the morphology of self-catalyzed InAs1−x Sb x nanowires

Surfactant effect of antimony addition to the morphology of self-catalyzed InAs1−x Sb x nanowires

Ultrathin Metal films for Transparent Electrodes of Flexible Optoelectronic Devices

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

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