Despite the vast
array of health beneficial pharmacological
effects,
the bioavailability of the dietary flavonoid quercetin was found to
be poor due to insolubility, incompatibility, and rapid biotransformation.
Herein, we investigated the solubility, morphology, particle size,
stability, in vitro release, and human pharmacokinetics
of a hybrid-hydrogel formulation of quercetin (FQ-35) using fenugreek
galactomannans as the hydrogel scaffold. Physicochemical characterization
revealed that the crystalline quercetin was well encapsulated in the
hydrogel matrix to form translucent microgel particles of FQ-35 with
enhanced solubility (96-fold). The mean particle size was found to
be 183.6 ± 42.7 nm with a zeta potential of 35.1 ± 3.8 mV.
Pharmacokinetic investigation on healthy volunteers (N = 16) employing tandem mass spectrometric (ultra-performance liquid
chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry) measurements
of the concentration of free (unconjugated) and conjugated quercetin
metabolites revealed an 18.6-fold improvement in free (unconjugated)
quercetin bioavailability and 62-fold improvement in total quercetin
(sum of free and conjugated) bioavailability, compared to the unformulated
quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica. In summary, the natural
self-emulsifying reversible hybrid-hydrogel delivery system was found
to offer significant solubility, stability, and bioavailability of
quercetin upon single-dose oral administration.