Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy was applied to the trace analysis of secretions on human skin. The secretions were transferred onto silver-coated barium fluoride substrates by pressing the substrates on the skin at several parts of the human body (wrist, palm, cheek, abdomen and sole). The infrared spectra of the substrates were measured by the transmission mode.Small amounts of lactate, triglycerides, fatty acids and fatty acid esters were identified from the secretions.For detecting lactate, the sole is the best sampling point on the human body. Lactate is a product of anaerobic metabolism in the glycolytic pathway.1 Since lactate plays an important role in energy metabolism, the determination of lactate in biological samples has been the subject of intensive study.2 Recently, Karube et al. showed a remarkable increase of lactate in human secretions after under going hard exercises.3 They also suggested that there exists an intimate correlation between fatigue and lactate production. The degree of fatigue may thus be estimated from the amounts of lactate found in sweat.So far, lactate has been analyzed using electrochemical biosensors.4,5 In conventional sensors, the concentration changes of hydrogen peroxide or oxygen caused by the enzymatic oxidation of lactate is usually detected. However, this method is relatively complicated and suffers from several types of interference due to reducing substances, such as ascorbic acid. In the present work, we applied a simple and sensitive infrared spectroscopy technique to the trace analysis of lactate on human skin.Infrared spectroscopy is useful for the characterization of organic materials. Though the development of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers has led to a marked improvement in the sensitivity of this method, the sensitivity is still insufficient for the trace analysis of lactate on human skin. In this study, surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy6-9 was used to provide a further improvement in the sensitivity of FT-IR. SEIRA is a phenomenon in which the infrared absorption intensity of molecules adsorbed on or near to very thin metal films of silver, gold, copper, or indium is remarkably
ExperimentalBarium fluoride (BaF2) plates (20X20X4 mm) were used as testing substrates for the SEIRA measurements. After the substrates were cleaned in ethanol and acetone, silver films were deposited from a tungsten basket in a JEOL JEE 4C vacuum evaporator at a pressure lower than 5X10-5 Torr. Although the largest absorption enhancement was observed on silver films of 8 -10 nm in thickness (estimated with a Tencor profilometer), the band shape was slightly distorted. To avoid this, the silver thickness was restricted to 6 nm. The metal films were not continuous, but consisted of metal particles of about 30 nm in average diameter.The silver-coated substrates were pressed against human skin at the wrist, palm, cheek, abdomen, or sole at a pressure of 25 g/ cm2 for 20 s; the secretions on the skins were transferred to the substrate. Th...