Convective assembly at high volume fractions was used to assemble gold nanoparticles into structured porous films templated by colloidal crystals. These gold nanofilms have hierarchical porosity and were proven to be stable and efficient substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The control over the film structure allowed optimization of their performance for potential sensor applications.Colloidal crystals are materials with periodic structure on the submicrometre length scale made by self-assembly of colloidal particles. Colloidal crystals can be used as a basis for fabrication of photonic materials, 1-7 optical coatings and filters, [8][9][10] lithographic etching masks, 11-13 and sensors. 14-17 The colloidal crystals can also serve as templates for a variety of other self-assembled materials with controlled and reproducible structure. In this review we highlight results based on our process for rapid and reproducible deposition of colloidal crystal films by convective assembly at high volume fractions.
18These crystal films serve as templates of controlled structure for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates.
16,19The hallmark of SERS is selectivity, potential for remote sampling through fiber optics, and capability for detection of analytes in aqueous solvents. Despite these advantages the widespread use of SERS-based analytical technology has been slow. Before SERS-based sensors can find broad application in routine chemical analysis new SERS materials must be developed that yield consistently high signals and provide detection generality towards a wide range of chemical and environmental analytes. The major requirements for the SERS substrate materials include controlled nanoscale structure, periodicity and chemical stability. One of the well-studied methods for making SERS substrates uses mono-and bi-layers of close-packed microsphere