The occurrence of "metastable" tetragonal zirconia as a crystallite size effect is reviewed in the light of recently published experimental evidence. Evidence is presented to show this effect may be general and is a necessary consequence of a structural phase transformation associated with an endothermic heat effect during heating.Hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic stresses influence the microcrystal size-transformation temperature relationship profoundly. Consideration of the combined effects of these variables can account for all the experimental observations reported in the literature.