Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus with a Highly Reducing Organoruthenium Complex: Interface Properties and Enhanced Photoresponsivity of Photodetectors

Guo, Rui; Zheng, Yue; Hu, Zehua; Zhang, Jialin; Han, Cheng; Longhi, Elena; Barlow, Stephen; Marder, Seth R.; Chen, Wei

doi:10.1002/chem.201905173

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…For example, high levels of bulk doping in OFETs severely compromise on/off ratios, but ultralow doping can decrease threshold voltage by filling traps, as demonstrated with [RuCp*(1,3,5-Me 3 C 6 H 3 )]:C 60 , 63 while heavier doping levels confined to the vicinity of the source/drain contacts can increase the effective mobility through reducing contact resistance, as demonstrated with (RhCp) 2 :C 60 . 64 In addition to the doping of OSCs, the dimers have also been used: to decrease the work function and increase the conductivity of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, 65,66 black phosphorus, 67 and few-layer group 6 metal dichalcogenides; 68,69 to convert ambipolar single-walled carbon nanotube transistors to n-channel devices; 66 and to decrease the work function of inorganic (semi)conductor surfaces. 70−72 A particularly low work function of 2.2 eV was obtained for a ZnO crystal, allowing its band positions to be aligned with the frontier orbitals of a planarized quaterphenyl derivative, converting a "type II" heterojunction, at which emission is quenched by exciton dissociation, to a highly emissive "type I" junction.…”

Section: ■ Doping Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the doping of OSCs, the dimers have also been used: to decrease the work function and increase the conductivity of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, , black phosphorus, and few-layer group 6 metal dichalcogenides; , to convert ambipolar single-walled carbon nanotube transistors to n-channel devices; and to decrease the work function of inorganic (semi)conductor surfaces. − A particularly low work function of 2.2 eV was obtained for a ZnO crystal, allowing its band positions to be aligned with the frontier orbitals of a planarized quaterphenyl derivative, converting a “type II” heterojunction, at which emission is quenched by exciton dissociation, to a highly emissive “type I” junction …”

Section: Doping Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organometallic and Organic Dimers: Moderately Air-Stable, Yet Highly Reducing, n-Dopants

Mohapatra¹,

Marder

Barlow

2022

Acc. Chem. Res.

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Conspectus Electrical doping using redox-active molecules can increase the conductivity of organic semiconductors and lower charge-carrier injection and extraction barriers; it has application in devices such as organic and perovskite light-emitting diodes, organic and perovskite photovoltaic cells, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectric devices. Simple one-electron reductants that can act as n-dopants for a wide range of useful semiconductors must necessarily have low ionization energies and are, thus, highly sensitive toward ambient conditions, leading to challenges in their storage and handling. A number of approaches to this challenge have been developed, in which the highly reducing species is generated from a precursor or in which electron transfer is coupled in some way to a chemical reaction. Many of these approaches are relatively limited in applicability because of processing constraints, limited dopant strength, or the formation of side products. This Account discusses our work to develop relatively stable, yet highly reducing, n-dopants based on the dimers formed by some 19-electron organometallic complexes and by some organic radicals. These dimers are sufficiently inert that they can be briefly handled as solids in air but react with acceptors to release two electrons and to form two equivalents of stable monomeric cations, without formation of unwanted side products. We first discuss syntheses of such dimers, both previously reported and our own. We next turn to discuss their thermodynamic redox potentials, which depend on both the oxidation potential of the highly reducing odd-electron monomers and on the free energies of dissociation of the dimers; because trends in both these quantities depend on the monomer stability, they often more-or-less cancel, resulting in effective redox potentials for a number of the organometallic dimers that are approximately −2.0 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene. However, variations in the dimer oxidation potential and the dissociation energies determine the mechanism through which a dimer reacts with a given acceptor in solution: in all cases dimer-to-acceptor electron transfer is followed by dimer cation cleavage and a subsequent second electron transfer from the neutral monomer to the acceptor, but examples with weak central bonds can also react through endergonic cleavage of the neutral dimer, followed by electron-transfer reactions between the resulting monomers and the acceptor. We, then, discuss the use of these dimers to dope a wide range of semiconductors through both vacuum and solution processing. In particular, we highlight the role of photoactivation in extending the reach of one of these dopants, enabling successful doping of a low-electron-affinity electron-transport material in an organic light-emitting diode. Finally, we suggest future directions for research using dimeric dopants.

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Section: ■ Doping Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Doping Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Organometallic and Organic Dimers: Moderately Air-Stable, Yet Highly Reducing, n-Dopants

Mohapatra¹,

Marder

Barlow

2022

Acc. Chem. Res.

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Stabilization of Black Phosphorus by Sonication‐Assisted Simultaneous Exfoliation and Functionalization

Druenen

Collins

Davitt

et al. 2020

Chemistry A European J

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Black phosphorus (BP) has extraordinary properties, but its ambient instability remains ac riticalc hallenge. Functionalization has been employed to overcome the sensitivity of BP to ambient conditions while preserving its properties. Herein, as imultaneous exfoliation-functionalization process is reported that functionalizes BP flakes during exfoliation and thus provides increased protection, which can be attributed to minimal exposure of the flakes to ambient oxygen and water.At etrabutylammonium salt was employed for intercalation of BP,r esulting in the formation of flakes with large lateral dimensions. The addition of an aryl iodide or an aryl iodoniums alt to the exfoliation solventc reates as calable strategy for the production of functionalized few-layer BP flakes. The ambient stability of functionalized BP was prolonged to ap eriod of one week, as revealed by STEM, AFM,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

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Ultrasound imaging guided targeted sonodynamic therapy enhanced by magnetophoretically controlled magnetic microbubbles

Zhu,

Arkin,

et al. 2024

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus with a Highly Reducing Organoruthenium Complex: Interface Properties and Enhanced Photoresponsivity of Photodetectors

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

Organometallic and Organic Dimers: Moderately Air-Stable, Yet Highly Reducing, n-Dopants

Organometallic and Organic Dimers: Moderately Air-Stable, Yet Highly Reducing, n-Dopants

Stabilization of Black Phosphorus by Sonication‐Assisted Simultaneous Exfoliation and Functionalization

Ultrasound imaging guided targeted sonodynamic therapy enhanced by magnetophoretically controlled magnetic microbubbles

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