Surface functionalization of TiO2 nanotubes with minocycline and its in vitro biological effects on Schwann cells

Abstract

BackgroundMinocycline has been widely used in central nervous system disease. However, the effect of minocycline on the repairing of nerve fibers around dental implants had not been previously investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of using minocycline for the repairing of nerve fibers around dental implants by investigating the effect of minocycline on the proliferation of Schwann cells and secretion of neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro.MethodsTiO2 nanotubes were fabricated on the surface of pure titanium via anodization at the voltage of 20, 30, 40 and 50 V. The nanotubes structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and examined with an optical contact angle. Then drug loading capability and release behavior were detected in vitro. The TiO2 nanotubes loaded with different concentration of minocycline were used to produce conditioned media with which to treat the Schwann cells. A cell counting kit-8 assay and cell viability were both selected to study the proliferative effect of the specimens on Schwann cell. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were used to detect the related gene/protein expression of Schwann cells.ResultsThe results showed that the diameter of TiO2 nanotubes at different voltage varied from 100 to 200 nm. The results of optical contact angle and releasing profile showed the nanotubes fabricated at the voltage of 30 V met the needs of the carrier of minocycline. In addition, the TiO2 nanotubes loaded with the concentration of 20 μg/mL minocycline increased Schwann cells proliferation and secretion of neurotrophic factors in vitro.ConclusionsThe results suggested that the surface functionalization of TiO2 nanotubes with minocycline was a promising candidate biomaterial for the peripheral nerve regeneration around dental implants and has potential to be applied in improving the osseoperception of dental implant.

Exploring the Physicochemical, Electroactive, and Biodelivery Properties of Metal Nanoparticles on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

“…In this regard, A et al, 109 by vertically arranging TiO 2 nanotubes containing the minocycline (20 μg/mL) on a TiO 2 substrate with a thickness of 1.34 μm compared to pure TiO 2 nanotubes (Figure 7B), were able to increase the hopes for the PN regeneration with the least toxicity for Schwann cells (survival rate of ∼90% vs ∼75%) and improve proliferation (OD: ∼2.0 vs ∼1.4) and cell adhesion (by reducing the water angle). 109 The immunohistochemistry outputs on the seventh day by examining the increase of NGF (∼3.15-fold vs ∼1.6-fold) and GDNF (∼3.25-fold vs ∼2.0fold) expressions confirmed the proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells effectively by TiO 2 nanotubes containing drug compared to pure TiO 2 nanotubes (Figure 7B). They showed the highest loading level of minocycline in the synthesized TiO 2 nanotubes with diameters of 98.4, 136, and 238 nm was 92.19%, 91.5%, and 92.53% respectively, but the amount of drug release in 238 nm nanotubes at the same time was higher than the other two groups.…”

“…They showed the highest loading level of minocycline in the synthesized TiO 2 nanotubes with diameters of 98.4, 136, and 238 nm was 92.19%, 91.5%, and 92.53% respectively, but the amount of drug release in 238 nm nanotubes at the same time was higher than the other two groups. 109 Recently, Yu et al 110 designed photosensitive Fe-doped TiO 2 nanorods (PFTN) to provide surface hydroxyl groups for greater cellto-platform interaction for faster regeneration of neurite growth and higher differentiation of nerve cells by TiO 2 NPs. PFTN reduced the water angle through the increase of hydroxyl groups by light irradiation compared to light-sensitive TiO 2 nanorods (LSTN) and Fe-doped TiO 2 nanorods (FTN), providing the possibility of higher cell adhesion for more proliferation of PC12 cells.…”

“…The effect of increasing the concentration of TNT on NGF expression (d). Panel B reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2018 BioMed Central Ltd. (C) A view of the synthesis of conduits obtained from ZnO NPs/Polycaprolactone (PCL) and their effect on myelination and the axons diameter along with the morphology of the sciatic nerve.…”

“…In addition to the aforementioned properties, the ability to deliver medicinal compounds by TiO 2 NPs encourages their use in regeneration activities. In this regard, A et al, by vertically arranging TiO 2 nanotubes containing the minocycline (20 μg/mL) on a TiO 2 substrate with a thickness of 1.34 μm compared to pure TiO 2 nanotubes (Figure B), were able to increase the hopes for the PN regeneration with the least toxicity for Schwann cells (survival rate of ∼90% vs ∼75%) and improve proliferation (OD: ∼2.0 vs ∼1.4) and cell adhesion (by reducing the water angle) . The immunohistochemistry outputs on the seventh day by examining the increase of NGF (∼3.15-fold vs ∼1.6-fold) and GDNF (∼3.25-fold vs ∼2.0-fold) expressions confirmed the proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells effectively by TiO 2 nanotubes containing drug compared to pure TiO 2 nanotubes (Figure B).…”

Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Titanium Nanotubes Coated with Chitosan: A Promising Formulation with Sustained Release and Enhanced Antibacterial Properties

“…In addition, surface coating of titanium nanostructure-based implants with optimum dimensions can significantly improve osseointegration by incrementing specific surface area, modification of surface topography, and establishing strong bonds with bone tissue. TiO 2 -NTs with the optimum length in cell adhesion were shown to drive migration of both osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cells, reinforcing the contacts between cells and implant surfaces [ 17 , 18 ].…”