Surface Integrity Characterization of Hardened AISI 4340 Steel in Grinding Process with Biodegradable Formulations of Cutting Fluids

Abstract

Surface integrity has significant effect on service performance of a component. The surface integrity of workpieces submitted to grinding process depends on the conditions of cooling produced by cutting fluids, which are used to avoid microstructural damage in the process. However, cutting fluids are harmful to the environment and human health, and appear as a crucial element to the optimization of the manufacturing process. In this scenario, biodegradable cutting fluids, such as formulations based on vegetable oils, appear as promising possibility to a cleaner production in grinding process. This study analyzed the surface integrity of AISI 4340 steel, quenched and tempered, in the external cylindrical plunge grinding process with the use of six different formulations of biodegradable cutting fluids (with oils of soybeans, corn, and mineral oil, pure and with additives). The performance of the application of cutting fluids was evaluated by characterizing the microstructure by Scanning Electron Microscopy -SEM and microhardness and roughness measurements. The results showed that the surface integrity of the components was not significantly damaged, which proves the efficiency of biodegradable cutting fluids and feasibility of its use in grinding process.

Spark Plasma Sintered High-Entropy Alloys: An Advanced Material for Aerospace Applications

“…Landing gear components are typically manufactured with advanced materials using conventional metallic materials such as aluminum alloy 7075 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], alloys steel 4340 [31][32][33][34][35][36], titanium 6Al-4V [37][38][39][40][41][42], titanium 6Al-6V-2Sn [43,44], titanium 15Al-3Cr-3Al-3Sn [45][46][47], and titanium 10Al-2Fe-3V [48][49][50][51][52]. The most versatile titanium alloys in the aerospace industry are titanium 6Al-4V, titanium 6Al-6V-2Sn, titanium 15Al-3Cr-3Al-3Sn, and titanium 10Al-2Fe-3V because of their excellent properties.…”

“…When it was successfully used in a Boeing 777 aerospace landing gear, the alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al came to limelight. Initially, the alloy cost was higher than that of 4340 steel used in applications for landing gear [35]. However, the cost-benefit of using the alloy was achievable in the long run as the steel parts needed to be Spark Plasma Sintered High-Entropy Alloys: An Advanced Material for Aerospace Applications DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.5772/intechopen.86839 replaced due to potential susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking [54].…”

Exploring the frictional characteristics of kelp liquid as an environmentally friendly lubricant

“…Most of the lubricants used in industrial production are difficult to biodegrade (Ahlroos et al , 2011). Some lubricants achieve special lubrication functions that may be harmful to the environment, so there is an urgent need for new environmentally friendly lubricants (Braga et al , 2017).…”