Surface manifestations of the waves in the ocean covered with ice

Abstract

This paper summarizes winter oceanographic measurements in the Spitsbergen fjords. The measurements allow us to analyze different processes that occur in the fjords covered with ice: semidiurnal tides, tsunami wave, wind waves, seiches, and high-frequency internal waves. Space and time scales of these processes were compared and the frequency spectra of the surface manifestations of these waves have been plotted on one graph.

Observations of icebergs in Antarctic cruises of the R/V “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh”

“…Ship measurements. Field studies in the region of the iceberg were performed in cruises 79 and 87 of the R/V "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" (AMK79) [Morozov et al, 2020] continuing previous studies of ice and research in the Bransfield Strait [Bogorodskii et al, 2020;Khimchenko et al, 2020;Marchenko and Morozov, 2016;Marchenko et al, 2021;Polukhin et al, 2020]. At these stations we measured the vertical distribution of thermohaline parameters, as well as the velocities and directions of currents from the surface to a depth of about 5-7 m above the bottom.…”

Wave climate in subarctic seas from Voluntary Observing Ships: 1900--2020

“…Wave climate studies for individual seas or selected regions are usually based on stationary buoy and platforms measurements, regional wave model simulations and short-term field experiments [Khimchenko et al, 2020;Lopatukhin et al, 2002Lopatukhin et al, , 2003Markina and Gavrikov, 2016;Reistad et al, 2011;Saprykina andKuznetsov, 2018a, 2018b]. This paper represents a novel analysis of the long-term wave climate tendencies for the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean including the Greenland, Norwegian, and Barents seas, based on the VOS data for the period of 120 years (1900-2020).…”

“…The global climate has been undergoing significant yet poorly understood anomalies in the recent decades, with the most extreme changes being manifested in the Arctic region. Climate tendencies in the subpolar North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic are not limited to the ice concentration (thickness and extent) and ocean and atmospheric temperatures -the main predictors of climate change -but also include wind wave characteristics [Marchenko and Morozov, 2016]. The region in question forms a strong air-sea interaction and wind signals, associated with significant mesoscale variability [Gavrikov et al, 2020].…”

“…Moreover, VOS data offer separate estimates of wind sea and swell characteristics [Freeman et al, 2017;Gulev et al, 2003;Grigorieva et al, 2017]. This comes as an advantage over remote sensing measurements and even model solutions where sea and swell separation is quite uncertain and largely relies on the model setting and on the methods of wave components identification [Markina et al, 2019;Portilla et al, 2009]. Therefore, in this study the analysis is focused on the wind sea and swell components, their climatological characteristics and long-term trends.…”

Measuring sea ice thickness with the LOZA georadar

“…Ice thickness is measured for the benefit of both basic and applied research [GOST R, 2018;Marchenko and Morozov, 2016;Mironov et al, 2015;Pisarev, 2016]. Ice thickness information is collected for various activities such as: monitoring of ice growth and melting depending on the characteristics of the ice-ocean-atmosphere interaction; measurements of under-ice relief for acoustic research; determination of safe landing sites for aircraft or helicopters on the ice when performing rescue op-erations or for the installation of any measuring equipment; assessment of the suitability of the ice field for the location of an inhabited camp on it; carrying out cargo operations from ships on fast ice; development of ice thickness statistics for predicting ice pressure on offshore structures.…”