Surface Modification TiO₂ Nanotubes on Titanium for Biomedical Application

Abstract

Electrochemical anodization is a unique surface modification technique for modifying the titanium surface. Electrochemical alteration of titanium surface increases the material efficiency in biomedical applications. The present research work analyses the fabrication of TiO2 nanotubes by increasing the water content and the various results and characterization enhance the cell viability. The influence of water content in electrolytes improves cell viability and at the same time, it is non-toxic. The surface morphologies were studied with HR-SEM, phase transformation was characterized using X-ray diffraction and cell viability was investigated with MTT assay by NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells incubation time for 48 hours (standard time incubation).

Anodic synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes by step-up voltages

“…Increase the intensity of the peak at 25.5 � peak post-heat treatment shows an increase in crystallinity as also observed from the presence of ((101), (200)) peaks. It is noticed that brookite peaks form after annealing temperature of 450 � C for 1 hour and is similar to that annealed at 500 � C. However, the peak intensity increases after annealing at 550 � C. 35,39,40…”

“…The obtained samples were initially polished with a sandpaper grit size of 320, 600, 1000, and 2000 and then chemically etched using 1:4:5 hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and DI water. 35,36 The etching time for all the samples was the 30 s. The anodization process was then carried out in two-stages. The voltage was manually tuned from 0 V to 30 V and was maintained for 30 min.…”

Fabrication of TiO2 nanotubes with effect of water and in‐situ condition for biomedical application

“…After polishing the sample with sand paper, the samples were washed with DI water and the 1:4:5 ratios of HF, nitric acid, and DI water were utilized to etch the samples for 15 s. Water content has measured by using the 50 mL graduated cylinder. Ethylene glycol (EG) and 1% of ammonium fluoride (NH 4 F) have been used to synthesis the TiO 2 nanotubes (Sivaprakash & Narayanan, 2021b). Eight and 12 mL of pure DI water has been utilized for this experiment.…”

“…TiO 2 delivers superior mechanical qualities, resistance to corrosion in bodily fluids, and great biocompatibility (Indira, Shanmugam et al., 2021). However, titanium‐based implants are often reported to be subjected to long term complications, mostly related to loosening of the implant–host interface and susceptibility of the implant to bacterial infections (Sivaprakash & Narayanan, 2021b; Zhang et al., 2021). Ti, as a bio‐inert material, is incapable of actively interacting with the surrounding environment and promoting adequate cell adhesion, which are instead of critical points for the formation of the structural and functional direct connection between the living bone and the implant surface required to ensure long‐term stability.…”

Electrochemical Anodic Synthesis and Analysis of TiO2 Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications

“…Processing time was reported to have a strong influence on the anodization process [7]. The geometrical properties have been improved with the control of the anodization time and potential of the electrolyte [8]. Temperature maintenance in electrolytes delivers a good result.…”