“…The surface of ND has rich functional groups including contain ether-, hydroxyl-, carbonyl-, carboxyl-, amino-, and many other groups, as illustrated in Figure 1 (Arnault, 2015;Osswald, Yushin, Mochalin, Kucheyev, & Gogotsi, 2006). The surface of ND has rich functional groups including contain ether-, hydroxyl-, carbonyl-, carboxyl-, amino-, and many other groups, as illustrated in Figure 1 (Arnault, 2015;Osswald, Yushin, Mochalin, Kucheyev, & Gogotsi, 2006).…”