Surface potential of BaTiO3single crystal near the Curie temperature

Abstract

A shift in the binding energies in Ba 3d and Ti 2p core-level spectra was observed when the electronic properties of nonprepolarized and prepolarized BaTiO 3 surfaces were studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy during heating and cooling near the Curie temperature (T C ). From a comparison of this shift for nonprepolarized and prepolarized crystals, different magnitudes and directions were noted. The differences are not connected with chemical shifts induced by any new chemical bonds. The shift in binding energy is considered to be a change of surface potential due to surface charging caused by the heating of the ferroelectric crystal through T C .

Energy shifts in photoemission lines during the tetragonal- to cubic-phase transition in BaTiO3 single crystals and systems with CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 overlayers

“…With the exceptions of figure 1(d), there is a general trend: In the cubic phase all binding energies are 0.3 ± 0.1 eV higher than in the tetragonal phase. This resembles previous laboratory based investigations [21] taken with Mg K α (1253.6 eV) or Al K α (1486.7 eV). Whereas the spectra taken at a photon energy of 2005 eV have a comparable probing depth as the laboratory-based measurements, the probing depth in spectra taken at a photon energy of 6000 eV is considerably larger (15 nm [34]).…”

“…Photoelectron spectroscopy with laboratory based x-ray sources (Mg K α , 1253.6 eV and Al K α , 1486.7 eV) on single crystalline BaTiO 3 has revealed shifts in binding energies of the Ba 3d and Ti 2p emission lines when passing through the phase transition [21]. Insulating BaTiO 3 samples exhibit huge jumps of up to several tens of eV, whereas doped conducting samples present much smaller, but step-like jumps.…”

Effect of equiproprotional substitution of Zn and Mn in BaTiO3 ceramic—An index to multiferroic applications

“…Similarly, it is also observed from Fig. 5c that the Ti 2p 3/2 peak is located at 461.40 eV instead of at 458.4 eV of t-BTO [17]. Generally, the magnitude of the binding energies is greater in h-BTO [18].…”

“…It is observed from Fig. 5b that the peak of Ba 3d 5/2 is located at 782.59 eV instead of 779.6 eV of t-BTO [17], which shows the clear indication of structural transformation. Similarly, it is also observed from Fig.…”