Surface Properties and Chemical Composition of Corncob and Miscanthus Biochars: Effects of Production Temperature and Method

Budai, Alice; Wang, Liang; Grønli, Morten; Strand, Liv Inger; Antal, Michael Jerry; Abiven, Samuel; Dieguez-Alonso, Alba; Anca-Couce, Andrés; Rasse, Daniel P.

doi:10.1021/jf501139f

Cited by 133 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…4) for atomic H/C ratio vs. atomic O/C ratio for the organic fraction (after removal of inorganic C and O content from carbonate). In relation to the diagram, the charcoals were compared with literature data for biomass heated in the absence of air at various temperature values up to 800°C, resulting in a range of products from uncharred biomass to biochar with a high degree of aromaticity and aromatic condensation (Keiluweit et al, 2010;Budai et al, 2014). Whereas charcoal Fig.…”

Section: Organic Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Literature data for biochar produced at increasing temperature were plotted in a Van Krevelen diagram to illustrate the transformation (Fig. 4; Keiluweit et al, 2010;Budai et al, 2014). Charcoal extracted from the topsoil of the active kiln has a signature close to that of fresh biochar, with slightly larger O/C ratio (Fig.…”

Section: Organic Composition Of Charcoalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Weathering is not exactly the reverse process of pyrolysis, however. During pyrolysis, biochar loses on average 2.5 H for one O when the temperature increases (Keiluweit et al, 2010;Budai et al, 2014;cf . Fig.…”

Section: Organic Composition Of Charcoalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long term change in chemical properties of preindustrial charcoal particles aged in forest and agricultural temperate soil

Hardy

Leifeld

Knicker

et al. 2017

Organic Geochemistry

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Keywords:Preindustrial charcoal kiln Land-use change Biochar X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR) Dichromate oxidation a b s t r a c t Black carbon (BC) plays an important role in terrestrial carbon storage. Nevertheless, the effect of cultivation on long term dynamics of BC in soil has been poorly addressed. To fill this gap, we studied the chemical properties of charcoal particles extracted from preindustrial kilns in Wallonia, Belgium, along a chronosequence of land use change from forest to agricultural soil, up to 200 years of cultivation. Preindustrial charcoal samples were compared with charcoal subjected to short term ageing in a currently active kiln.Cultivation increased the association of charcoal with soil minerals, which is favored by deprotonation of carboxylic acids under liming, thereby enhancing the reactivity of charcoal toward mineral surfaces. The large specific surface area of charcoal, related to its porosity, promotes the precipitation of 2:1 phyllosilicates and CaCO 3 . Both ageing and cultivation decreased the resistance of charcoal to dichromate oxidation, related to an increase in the H/C of charcoal. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed the presence of three fractions of distinct thermal stability. Saturation of carboxylate groups with Ca 2+ under liming decreased the thermal stability of the O-rich, less thermally stable fraction of charcoal. This fraction decreased over time of cultivation, leading to a relative accumulation of the thermally most stable fraction of charcoal. This might result from the preferential loss of the O-rich fraction or the slowdown of charcoal from oxidation via association with minerals. Our results highlight the idea that land use significantly affects the properties of BC through the modification of soil conditions, which might influence the kinetics of BC loss from soil.

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Section: Organic Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Organic Composition Of Charcoalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long term change in chemical properties of preindustrial charcoal particles aged in forest and agricultural temperate soil

Hardy

Leifeld

Knicker

et al. 2017

Organic Geochemistry

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“…Many papers on biomass carbonization using the FC apparatus were published using any feedstock imaginable, including leucaena 17 and oak wood, corncobs (the most abundant agricultural waste product in the US) 18,19 , macadamia nutshells from the Big Island of MPa.…”

Section: Apparatus and Experimental Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charcoal “Mines” in the Norwegian Woods

et al. 2016

Self Cite

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ABSTRACT:This paper reviews lab-scale flash carbonization experiments under elevated pressure using Norwegian wood as a feedstock. Norway's silicon and ferrosilicon industry has been urged to reduce fossil CO 2 emissions by increasing the use of charcoal as a substitute for coal and coke in the reduction process. As charcoal is not produced in Norway, large amounts of it are imported from South-Asia. Norway now intends to produce charcoal locally using optimum carbonization techniques from local biomass and forestry waste. That is where the pressurized flash carbonization experiments come in. Birch, spruce and forest residue or GROT samples (GRener Og Topper, i.e. branches and tops) were carbonized, enabling the analysis of the impact of pressure and FC canister insulation on their respective fixed carbon yields. Forest residue (FR) proved to be proper to make charcoal, as fixed carbon contents of 80% could be achieved at moderate pressures. The fixed carbon yields of spruce and birch wood reached over 90% of their theoretical values. The high charcoal yields can result in remarkable cost savings for the metallurgical industry, while at the same time making excessive deforestation unnecessary. The use of coal will soon be abandoned and charcoal 'mines' could become an obvious choice. 1.IntroductionBecause of the increasing demand for (Si-based) solar panels, for computer chips (following Moore's law) and for silicon for the massive metal production of countries like China 1 , the demand for silicon alloys and other ferroalloys has never been higher. The metal and alloy industry heavily depends on coal as a raw product. In electric arc furnaces, coal acts as a reductant and a carbon source, while in the older blast furnaces coal also acts as an energy source.These industries will not face raw silicon shortages, because over 25% of the earth's crust consists of this element, usually found in the form of silica SiO 2 . However, justifying the use of coal as a raw product in the manufacturing process of computer chips, photovoltaic panels and other metal commodities will pose a problem, especially with changing climate change policies.There are not many substitutes for coal, but charcoal is one. Charcoal has low ash and sulfur content compared to coal, while still maintaining high SiO reactivity, which makes charcoal

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“…The above described production variations (feedstock used, temperature, reactor technology, residence time and practical procedure) affects the main biochar properties such as surface area, pore volume, pore (size) distribution, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and surface functional groups, chemical structure and the form of carbon (aromatic or non-aromatic C) and elemental composition (available nutrient content such as Ca, P, K) [37][38][39]. These properties are believed to determine the quality of a given biochar as soil improver [31].…”

Section: Agronomical Important Parameters Of Biocharmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar for Soil Improvement: Evaluation of Biochar from Gasification and Slow Pyrolysis

2015

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Abstract:The growing need for food, energy and materials demands a resource efficient approach as the world's population keeps increasing. Biochar is a valuable product that can be produced in combination with bio-energy in a cascading approach to make best use of available resources. In addition, there are resources that have not been used up to now, such as, e.g., many agro-residues that can become available. Most agro-residues are not suitable for high temperature energy conversion processes due to high alkali-content, which results in slagging and fouling in conventional energy generation systems. Using agro-residues in thermal processes, therefore, logically moves to lower temperatures in order to avoid operational problems. This provides an ideal situation for the combined energy and biochar production. In this work a slow pyrolysis process (an auger reactor) at 400 °C and 600 °C is used as well as two fluidized bed systems for low-temperature (600 °C-750 °C) gasification for the combined energy and biochar generation. Comparison of the two different processes focuses here on the biochar quality parameters (physical, chemical and surface properties), although energy generation and biochar quality are not independent parameters. A large number of feedstock were investigated on general char characteristics and in more detail the paper focuses on two main input streams (woody residues, greenhouse waste) in order to deduct relationships between char parameters for the same feedstock. It is clear that the process technology influences the main biochar properties such as elemental-and ash composition, specific surface area, pH, in addition to mass yield quality of the gas produced. Slow pyrolysis biochars have smaller specific surface areas (SA) and higher PAH than the gasification samples (although below international norms) but higher yields. Higher process OPEN ACCESSAgriculture 2015, 5 1077 temperatures and different gaseous conditions in gasification resulted in lower biochar yields but larger TSA, higher pH and ash contents and very low tar content (16-PAH). From the feedstock data looked at in more detail, a few trends could be deducted in the attempt to learn how to steer the biochar characteristics for specific uses.

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Surface Properties and Chemical Composition of Corncob and Miscanthus Biochars: Effects of Production Temperature and Method

Cited by 133 publications

References 56 publications

Long term change in chemical properties of preindustrial charcoal particles aged in forest and agricultural temperate soil

Long term change in chemical properties of preindustrial charcoal particles aged in forest and agricultural temperate soil

Charcoal “Mines” in the Norwegian Woods

Biochar for Soil Improvement: Evaluation of Biochar from Gasification and Slow Pyrolysis

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