Surface properties of red mud particles from potentiometric titration

Evaluation of arsenic immobilization in red mud by CO2 or waste acid acidification combined ferrous (Fe2+) treatment

“…3 and 4. The similar stages of RM acidification were reported before [15]. Free alkaline irons such as OH − , CO 3 2− and AlO 2 − in the RMlf are mobile and accessible, they were neutralized first after acidifier added during stage 1.…”

The Synergy of Electrochemistry and Concrete Material Science in Evaluating Corrosion Resistance of Wastes-Containing Reinforced Cement-Based Systems

“…The surface charge of the RM particles is of significant importance for the chemical and physicochemical alterations in a cement-based matrix. As reported (Chvedov D., et al 2001), there are ionized surface (OH -) groups on the RM particles' surface allowing them to perform as active sites and thus favouring their adhesion on a metallic surface (Díaz B., et al 2004, Koleva D.A., et al 2008d, Collazo A., et al 2005. Thus, the steel surface in the red mud containing corroding specimens will have increased corrosion resistance due to a simple barrier effect of the adhered RM layer.…”

“…Additionally, the surface groups can acquire protons without changing the pH of the surrounding medium i.e. reported are buffering effects of the RM particles (Chvedov D., et al 2001, Stumm W. 1995, Atun G., et al2000. These latter effects will additionally delay corrosion initiation/corrosion propagation (as actually observed, no significant corrosion layer was formed on the steel surface (Figs.…”

Mineral Mapping Using the Automatized Gaussian Model (AGM)—Application to Two Industrial French Sites at Gardanne and Thann

“…The Bayer process converts bauxite ore to alumina (aluminum oxide) by digesting it via sodium hydroxide (NaOH), converting the aluminum oxide in the ore to sodium aluminate. The remaining insoluble residue or red mud (~45% liquor and ~55% solid mud), also called here Bauxaline ® , is an alkaline, iron-rich by-product which is removed by means of flocculation and decantation [21][22][23][24]. The remaining solution is cooled and aluminum hydroxide precipitates.…”