This work reports the design and validation of an innovative
automatic
photo-cross-linking device for robotic-based in situ bioprinting.
Photo-cross-linking is the most promising polymerization technique
when considering biomaterial deposition directly inside a physiological
environment, typical of the in situ bioprinting approach. The photo-cross-linking
device was designed for the IMAGObot platform, a 5-degree-of-freedom
robot re-engineered for in situ bioprinting applications. The system
consists of a syringe pump extrusion module equipped with eight light-emitting
diodes (LEDs) with a 405 nm wavelength. The hardware and software
of the robot were purposely designed to manage the LEDs switching
on and off during printing. To minimize the light exposure of the
needle, thus avoiding its clogging, only the LEDs opposite the printing
direction are switched on to irradiate the newly deposited filament.
Moreover, the LED system can be adjusted in height to modulate substrate
exposure. Different scaffolds were bioprinted using a GelMA-based
hydrogel, varying the printing speed and light distance from the bed,
and were characterized in terms of swelling and mechanical properties,
proving the robustness of the photo-cross-linking system in various
configurations. The system was finally validated onto anthropomorphic
phantoms (i.e., a human humerus head and a human hand with defects)
featuring complex nonplanar surfaces. The designed system was successfully
used to fill these anatomical defects, thus resulting in a promising
solution for in situ bioprinting applications.