Surface Runoff of Pesticides from a Clay Loam Field in Sweden

Larsbo, Mats; Sandin, Maria; Jarvis, Nick; Etana, Ararso; Kreuger, Jenny

doi:10.2134/jeq2015.10.0528

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the available literature suggests that, in some regions, such artificial structures like roads, pipes, or ditches are important for connecting fields with the stream network. For example, this was reported in the regions of Alsace (France; Lefrancq et al, 2013), Lower Saxony (Germany; Bug and Mosimann, 2011), Baden-Württemberg (Germany; Gassmann et al, 2012), and Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany; Rübel, 1999). Based on our findings, we hypothesize that shortcuts are mainly important in areas with small field sizes.…”

Section: Relevance In a Broader Geographical Contextsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Undrained roads were reported to intercept flow paths, to concentrate and accelerate runoff, and, therefore, also to influence pesticide connectivity within a catchment (Carluer and De Marsily, 2004;Dehotin et al, 2015;Heathwaite et al, 2005;Payraudeau et al, 2009). Additionally, Lefrancq et al (2013) showed that undrained roads act as interceptor of spray drift, possibly leading to significant pesticide transport during subsequent rainfall events when intercepted pesticides are washed off the roads.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hydraulic shortcuts increase the connectivity of arable land areas to surface waters

Schönenberger

Stamm

2021

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Surface runoff represents a major pathway for pesticide transport from agricultural areas to surface waters. The influence of artificial structures (e.g. roads, hedges, and ditches) on surface runoff connectivity has been shown in various studies. In Switzerland, so-called hydraulic shortcuts (e.g. inlet and maintenance shafts of road or field storm drainage systems) have been shown to influence surface runoff connectivity and related pesticide transport. Their occurrence and their influence on surface runoff and pesticide connectivity have, however, not been studied systematically. To address that deficit, we randomly selected 20 study areas (average size of 3.5 km2) throughout the Swiss plateau, representing arable cropping systems. We assessed shortcut occurrence in these study areas using three mapping methods, namely field mapping, drainage plans, and high-resolution aerial images. Surface runoff connectivity in the study areas was analysed using a 2×2 m digital elevation model and a multiple-flow algorithm. Parameter uncertainty affecting this analysis was addressed by a Monte Carlo simulation. With our approach, agricultural areas were divided into areas that are either directly, indirectly (i.e. via hydraulic shortcuts), or not at all connected to surface waters. Finally, the results of this connectivity analysis were scaled up to the national level, using a regression model based on topographic descriptors, and were then compared to an existing national connectivity model. Inlet shafts of the road storm drainage system were identified as the main shortcuts. On average, we found 0.84 inlet shafts and a total of 2.0 shafts per hectare of agricultural land. In the study catchments, between 43 % and 74 % of the agricultural area is connected to surface waters via hydraulic shortcuts. On the national level, this fraction is similar and lies between 47 % and 60 %. Considering our empirical observations led to shifts in estimated fractions of connected areas compared to the previous connectivity model. The differences were most pronounced in flat areas of river valleys. These numbers suggest that transport through hydraulic shortcuts is an important pesticide flow path in a landscape where many engineered structures exist to drain excess water from fields and roads. However, this transport process is currently not considered in Swiss pesticide legislation and authorization. Therefore, current regulations may fall short in addressing the full extent of the pesticide problem. However, independent measurements of water flow and pesticide transport to quantify the contribution of shortcuts and validating the model results are lacking. Overall, the findings highlight the relevance of better understanding the connectivity between fields and receiving waters and the underlying factors and physical structures in the landscape.

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Section: Relevance In a Broader Geographical Contextsupporting

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic shortcuts increase the connectivity of arable land areas to surface waters

Schönenberger

Stamm

2021

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…These results indicate, although rather indirectly, that macropores play a larger role for the transport of substances of more intermediate mobility, as argued by McGrath et al (2010), and that this also applies to frozen soil. More mobile substances may leach regardless of the presence of macropores, whereas more or less immobile substances adsorb strongly to the soil in any case and are transported either particle‐bound through macropores toward drains (Kjær et al, 2011; Øygarden et al, 1997) or via surface runoff/erosion (Larsbo et al, 2016). The fact that diflufenican was found in very low concentrations in leachate in this study may, among other reasons (sorption, degradation), be due to loss via particle‐bound transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Five Pesticides of Contrasting Mobility through Frozen and Unfrozen Soil

Holten

Larsbo

Jarvis

et al. 2019

Vadose Zone Journal

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Core Ideas Significantly more pesticides leached from frozen than from unfrozen soil columns. Rapid breakthrough of pesticides indicated preferential flow in frozen soil. A strong negative correlation between Kf and leaching was observed. The effect of sorption properties is weaker in the presence of macropore flow. Macropore flow may be less important for highly mobile or highly sorbed pesticides. Field and laboratory studies show increased leaching of pesticides through macropores in frozen soil. Fast macropore flow has been shown to reduce the influence of pesticide properties on leaching, but data on these processes are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soil freezing and thawing on transport of pesticides with a range of soil sorption coefficients (Kf). To do this we conducted a soil column study to quantify the transport of bromide and five pesticides (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid, clomazone, boscalid, propiconazole, and diflufenican). Intact topsoil and subsoil columns from two agricultural soils (silt and loam) in southeastern Norway were used in this experiment, and pesticides were applied to the soil surface in all columns. Half the columns were then frozen (−3°C), and the other half were left unfrozen (4°C). Columns were subjected to repeated irrigation events where 25 mm of rainwater was applied during 5 h at each event. Irrigations were followed by 14‐d periods of freezing or refrigeration. Percolate was collected and analyzed for pesticides and bromide. Pesticide leaching was up to five orders of magnitude larger from frozen than unfrozen columns. Early breakthrough (<<1 pore volume) of high concentrations was observed for pesticides in frozen columns, indicating that leaching was dominated by preferential flow. The rank order in pesticide leaching observed in this study corresponded to the rank order of mean Kf values for the pesticides, and the results suggest that sorption plays a role in determining leaching losses even in frozen soil.

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“…Pesticides are lost to surface waters through various pathways from either point sources or diffuse sources. In current research, surface runoff (Holvoet, Seuntjens, and Vanrolleghem 2007;Larsbo et al 2016; Lefrancq et al 2017), preferential flow through macropores into the tile drainage system (Accinelli et al 2002;Leu et al 2004a;Reichenberger et al 2007;Sandin et al 2018), and spray drift (Carlsen, Spliid, and Svensmark 2006;Schulz 2001;Vischetti et al 2008) are considered of major importance. Other diffuse pathways like leaching into groundwater and exfiltration into surface waters, atmospheric deposition or aeolian deposition are usually less important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic Shortcuts Increase the Connectivity of Arable Land Areas to Surface Waters

Schönenberger¹,

Stamm²

2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Surface runoff represents a major pathway for pesticide transport from agricultural areas to surface waters. The influence of man-made structures (e.g. roads, hedges, ditches) on surface runoff connectivity has been shown in various studies. In Switzerland, so-called hydraulic shortcuts (e.g. inlets and maintenance manholes of road or field storm drainage systems) have been shown to influence surface runoff connectivity and related pesticide transport. Their occurrence, and their influence on surface runoff and pesticide connectivity have however not been studied systematically. To address that deficit, we randomly selected 20 study areas (average size = 3.5 km2) throughout the Swiss plateau, representing arable cropping systems. We assessed shortcut occurrence in these study areas using three mapping methods: field mapping, drainage plans, and high-resolution aerial images. Surface runoff connectivity in the study areas was analysed using a 2 × 2 m digital elevation model and a multiple-flow algorithm. Parameter uncertainty affecting this analysis was addressed by a Monte Carlo simulation. With our approach, agricultural areas were divided into areas that are either directly connected to surface waters, indirectly (i.e. via hydraulic shortcuts), or not connected at all. Finally, the results of this connectivity analysis were scaled up to the national level using a regression model based on topographic descriptors. Inlets of the road storm drainage system were identified as the main shortcuts. On average, we found 0.84 inlets and a total of 2.0 manholes per hectare of agricultural land. In the study catchments between 43 and 74 % of the agricultural area is connected to surface waters via hydraulic shortcuts. On the national level, this fraction is similar (54 %). These numbers suggest that transport through hydraulic shortcuts is an important pesticide flow path in a landscape where many engineered structures exist to drain excess water from fields and roads. However, this transport process is currently not considered in Swiss pesticide legislation and authorisation. Therefore, current regulations may fall short to address the full extent of the pesticide problem. Overall, the findings highlight the relevance of better understanding the connectivity between fields and receiving waters and the underlying factors and physical structures in the landscape.

show abstract

Surface Runoff of Pesticides from a Clay Loam Field in Sweden

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Hydraulic shortcuts increase the connectivity of arable land areas to surface waters

Hydraulic shortcuts increase the connectivity of arable land areas to surface waters

Leaching of Five Pesticides of Contrasting Mobility through Frozen and Unfrozen Soil

Hydraulic Shortcuts Increase the Connectivity of Arable Land Areas to Surface Waters

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