“…Later, these works have paved the way for quantitative evaluations (Rayces, 1964;Salas-Peimbert et al, 2005). There exists considerable freedom to choose the shapes of static reference patterns, sometimes designed as "null screens" (Carmona-Paredes and Díaz-Uribe, 2007): in addition to generic planes (Díaz-Uribe, 2000), also cylinders (Díaz-Uribe and Campos-García, 2000;Campos-García et al, 2004), cones (Campos-García et al, 2015b;Campos-García et al, 2022), boxes (Campos-García et al, 2011), rings (Quach et al, 2022a) and custom geometries (Pérard, 2001) have been used. One may assemble points or lines into 1D or 2D arrays; otherwise, one may use rectangular, Gaussian or sinusoidal intensity profiles.…”