Surface stability of spinel MgNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and MgMn2O4 as cathode materials for magnesium ion batteries

Abstract

Rechargeable ion batteries based on the intercalation of multivalent ions are attractive due to their high energy density and structural stability. Surface of cathode materials plays an important role for the electrochemical performance of the rechargeable ion batteries. In this work we calculated surface energies of (001), (110)

Progress in high-voltage MgMn2O4 oxyspinel cathode materials for Mg batteries

“…3d transition metal substitution and (co)substitution strategies using Ti, 50 Cr, 23,(*) Fe, 51,52 Co, 53 and Ni 54 to replace Mn 3+ ions in MgMn2O4 have been explored to enhance the electrochemical performance of MgMn2O4.…”

Development of al‐doped MgMn2O4‐based cathode materials for magnesium ion cells

“…This is due the incorporation of Al 3+ ion into the host structure as a dopant ion, because Al 3+ ion has a smaller ionic radius of .51 Å compared to Mg 2+ (.64 Å) and Mn 4+ (.57 Å). 13,21 The spinning symmetry also checked by the ideal axial ratio of lattice constants, c/a that were evaluated from XRD patterns. 22 The c/a of MMO sample is 1.62 which represents the ideal ratio of tetragonal structure while the c/a of Al-doped samples are reduced to 1.00, which changed to cubic structure.…”

Through the Maze of Multivalent‐Ion Batteries: A Critical Review on the Status of the Research on Cathode Materials for Mg2+ and Ca2+ Ions Insertion

“…In order to understand the intercalation of multivalent ions into spinel structures, it is important to briefly describe the crystal structure itself. The spinel host material has a general formula of AB 2 X 4 and a Fd m space group (Figure 16), in which A is either a monovalent ion or a multivalent ion, and B is a redox active ion like Mn or a mixture of Mn with other cations like Ni or Co [154] . The anion X can be oxygen to form oxide spinel or divalent S or Se atoms to form thiospinels [159] .…”