Surface stoichiometry analysis by AES, EELS spectroscopy and AFM microscopy in UHV atmosphere of SnO 2 thin film

Plant-Extract-Mediated SnO2 Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications

“…As a result, the development of biological synthesis methods for NP fabrication has started flourishing. 28,32 It has long been known that interactions between metal ions and different micro-or macro-organisms occur in processes such as bioleaching or bioaccumulation; however, the biological technique of using living organisms to produce metallic NPs is a recent discovery. 3 Various micro-and macro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, microalgae, macroalgae, and plant biomass/ extracts (Figure 4) have been used to synthesize NPs.…”

“…Generally, there are three different ways to synthesize SnO 2 NPs: via physical, chemical, and biological (Figure ) methods. ,, Physical methods include spray pyrolysis, , ultrasonication, sputtering, thermal decomposition, laser irradiation, , electrolysis, and chemical vaporization . Spray pyrolysis is a simple technique which uses aerosol from a mixture of various precursor solutions that are sprayed onto a hot substrate at a high furnace temperature, leading to the formation of the desired nanomaterials on the substrate.…”

“…Therefore, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and biocompatible synthesis methods are now preferred and have been applied in the area of NPs synthesis. As a result, the development of biological synthesis methods for NP fabrication has started flourishing. , …”

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

“…It can be noticed that the value of the energy gap obtained by us is more similar to the amorphous than crystalline layer, which results from the higher of this phase. Manufacturing methods of this type of material include chemical and physical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering or laser ablation, however, due to the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of combining the sol-gel method with electrospinning technique is currently widely investigated [19][20][21][22]. In the first stage of this method, thin nanofiber mats are produced in the electrospinning process from a suitably prepared solution containing polymer, precursor and solvents, then the as obtained nanofibrous mats are heat treated to remove the polymer matrix, which leads to producing final thin films [23].…”