Surface structure of water and some of its physical and chemical manifestations

Weyl, W. A.

doi:10.1016/0095-8522(51)90011-6

Cited by 176 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Faraday (1859) proposed the existence of a so-called "liquid-like" layer at the ice surface, which solidifies in case of contact with another piece of ice. This approach was supported about 100 yr later by Weyl (1951) and Fletcher (1962). Additionally, measurements by Nakaya and Matsumoto (1954) and Hosler and Hallgren (1960) indicate a temperature dependence of the sticking ability, which could be explained by the liquid layer on top of the ice crystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Formulation and test of an ice aggregation scheme for two-moment bulk microphysics schemes

2013

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A simple formulation of aggregation for two-moment bulk microphysical models is derived. The solution involves the evaluation of a double integral of the collection kernel weighted with the crystal size (or mass) distribution. This quantity is to be inserted into the differential equation for the crystal number concentration which has classical Smoluchowski form. The double integrals are evaluated numerically for log-normal size distributions over a large range of geometric mean masses. A polynomial fit of the results is given that yields good accuracy. Various tests of the new parameterisation are described: aggregation as stand-alone process, in a box-model, and in 2-D simulations of a cirrostratus cloud. These tests suggest that aggregation can become important for warm cirrus, leading even to higher and longer-lasting in-cloud supersaturation. Cold cirrus clouds are hardly affected by aggregation. The collection efficiency is taken from a parameterisation that assumes a dependence on temperature, a situation that might be improved when reliable measurements from cloud chambers suggests the necessary constraints for the choice of this parameter

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Formulation and test of an ice aggregation scheme for two-moment bulk microphysics schemes

2013

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“…The adhesive strength of 148 ice to such as polymers; polycarbonate and Nylon-66 have deviated exceptionally from the values expected from theoretical level. It is presumed, that the resulting lower values cause a liquid-like transition layer suggested by Bowden andTabor (1950), andWeyl (1951).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Relationship of Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Polymers With Ice Adhesion

Murase

Nanishi

1985

A. Glaciology.

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The purpose of this work is to study the relationship of energetic and physical properties of polymetric materials with ice adhesion, and to develop the material to prevent ice adhesion. From various parameters of water and ice, dispersion and hydrogen bond contribution of surface free energy of ice were calculated. Using these values and that of contact angle formed between ice and polymer in the air and also in paraffin, work of adhesion W-" and W were determined respectively. The difference W-(W"-" ) has made it possible to evaluate the effect of surface pr;ssure" on ice adhesion. On the other hand, actual adhesive strength of ice was measured. Some correlations between theoretical and observed values were found. Further, visco-elastic properties of polymers below icing temperature and temperature dependence of strain in the ice/ polymer system were investigated. The results showed some characteristics of polymers which are related to molecular mobility at lower temperature, are effective in reducing the adhesive strength to ice.Numerous attempts were made to develop coating materials to prevent ice adhesion. A composite polymer composition, which has peculiar ingredients and structure, was proposed and found to provide the ability for the lowest ice adhesion. Ice preventive mechanism of the film was discussed.

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“…If it is considered that the observed ice nucleation activity of AgI is due to the combined effect of its polarizability and its crystal structure, the above finding suggests that the iodate ion, on account of its larger polarizability itself, has been surpassing AgI inspite of the combined effect of the polarizability and crystal structure of AgI. The role of AgI in ice nucleation due to its polarizability was pointed out long ago (Weyl, 1951).…”

Section: Iodates Versus Iodidesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The extent to which aggregation of water molecules takes place around the adsorbed ion may depend, among other factors, upon the polarizability of that ion, its electronic configuration and the polarizing power of the oppositely charged ion in the pair. It may be noted that, according to Weyl (1951), a liquid surface consists of the most polarizable ions because polarizability permits an adjustment of the force-fields of the surface ions and, as a result, a lowering of the surface free energy. The implication of this postulate, as also discussedby Hosler (1951), is that a small supercooled drop can be made to crystallize by the addition of foreign molecules or ions that reduce the surface free energy of the drop.…”

Section: Ionic Polarizability and Ice Nucleationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation Behaviour of Iodide and Iodate Systems in the Presence of soluble salts

Murty

1973

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Using a simple drop-freezing technique as in earlier studies, the ice nucleation activities of certain iodide and iodate systems, with and without soluble salts, have been investigated. It has been found that, of the systems tested, the iodide systems commonly used in the conventional cloud seeding, which are AgI.NaI and AgI.KI, are the least active. Also, the iodate system used in the pyrotechnic seeding, which is AgIO3+KIO3, is not the most active. Better nucleating systems have been named for possible use in both the types of seeding. The comparative activities noticed of the systems tested have been explained on certain qualitative considerations.

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Surface structure of water and some of its physical and chemical manifestations

Cited by 176 publications

References 20 publications

Formulation and test of an ice aggregation scheme for two-moment bulk microphysics schemes

Formulation and test of an ice aggregation scheme for two-moment bulk microphysics schemes

On the Relationship of Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Polymers With Ice Adhesion

Nucleation Behaviour of Iodide and Iodate Systems in the Presence of soluble salts

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