Surface studies on copolymers having pendant monosaccharides

Abstract

Copolymers having pendant monosaccharide groups were synthesized by copolymerizing 2-(glucosy1oxy)ethyl methacrylate (GEMA, l), with methyl methacrylate (MMA) or styrene (St).The surface characteristics of the copolymer films were investigated by means of contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and protein adsorption. The surface free energy of the GEMA/St copolymer films was constant in the range of a GEMA content from 10 mol-To to 60 mol-To. Insertion of GEMA of over 60 mol-To, however, caused an increase of the surface free energy of the copolymer films. The surface composition determined by means of XPS supported the result from surface free energy measurements. There was a significant difference between the GEMA/St and GEMA/MMA copolymer films in the effect of the GEMA content on the surface characteristics of the films. The differences could be explained on the basis of the sequence of monomeric units in each copolymer. Immersing the copolymer films in hot water made the copolymer surface more hydrophilic. This is because each component migrates to the surface or the bulk in order to minimize the surface free energy of the copolymer films. The introduction of GEMA to the copolymer suppressed fibrinogen adsorption onto the copolymer films.

Preparation and Characterization of Polystyrene Microspheres Surface-Modified with Glucoside Moieties

“…The signals of e 1 s and O 1 s of poly(GEMA-coSt) microspheres with f = 10 as a typical instance are illustrated in Figure 5. The e 1 s spectra of the polymer microspheres coincide in position with those of the GEMA/St copolymer films prepared by Nakamae et al 19 Taking into account the results in the literature, 19 the carbon signals at 285 and 291 eV are ascribable to the methylene group and the shake-up satellite attributable to the n-n* molecular orbital transition of the benzene ring. The signals at 287 and 289eV are assigned to the e-O-and e = 0 originated from the GEMA moiety.…”

“…Nakamae et al reported that when copolymer films composed of GEMA and St were immersed in hot water, the surface became more hydrophilic because the GEMA unit migrated to the surface in order to minimize the surface free energy of the copolymer films. 19 The content of the GEMA moiety located on the surface of particles is, therefore, considered to be much larger in the emulsion than that of content measured by XPS for the air-dried particles. The monomer reactivity ratios, r 1 and r 2 , obtained by the free radical copolymerization of GEMA (M 1 ) and St (M 2 ) in DMF are 1.49 and 0.11 24 (or 1.50 and 0.50 19 ), respectively.…”

“…19 The content of the GEMA moiety located on the surface of particles is, therefore, considered to be much larger in the emulsion than that of content measured by XPS for the air-dried particles. The monomer reactivity ratios, r 1 and r 2 , obtained by the free radical copolymerization of GEMA (M 1 ) and St (M 2 ) in DMF are 1.49 and 0.11 24 (or 1.50 and 0.50 19 ), respectively. The values of r 1 and r 2 indicate that the GEMA unit forms a block-like sequence in the copolymer.…”

“…12 -16 Since Kitazawa et al 17 recently synthesized the saccharide-bound monomers, for instance, 2-(glucosyloxy)ethyl methacrylate (GEMA) by a one-step process without any protective groups, the GEMA unit containing copolymers are prepared and characterized as the pharmacological and biomedical materials_ 1s, 19 In the course of our study on the functionalized polymer microspheres, 9 • 10 • 20 • 21 our interest was directed to the immobilization of both the phosphorylcholine analogous and monosaccharide moieties on the surface of polymer microspheres to produce a surface similar to a biomembrane. The present article describes on the soap-free emulsion copolymerization.…”

Preparation of smart soft materials using molecular complexes

“…52 We synthesized a variety of carbohydrate polymers by copolymerizing a monomer with pendant glucose (2-glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate: GEMA) and hydrophilic or hydrophobic monomers and examined their unique surface properties under various conditions. [53][54][55][56][57][58] Furthermore, complex formation between Con.A and polymers with pendant glucose (PGEMA) was investigated to design a glucose-responsive polymer. 59 When Con.A was added to a buffer solution containing PGEMA, the solution became turbid due to multiple associations between PGEMA and Con.A.…”