Surface tension of liquid metal: role, mechanism and application

Zhao, Xi; Xu, Shuo; Liu, Jing

doi:10.1007/s11708-017-0463-9

Cited by 134 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 242 publications

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“…Thus, elevating the temperature appears to be a promising approach for decreasing the surface tension to improve the wettability of molten Li metal. [39] The relationship between surface tension and temperature is expressed by Equation (1)…”

Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Designing Stable Composite Lithium Anodes with Improved Wettability

2020

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Lithium (Li) is a promising battery anode because of its high theoretical capacity and low reduction potential, but safety hazards that arise from its continuous dendrite growth and huge volume changes limit its practical applications. Li can be hosted in a framework material to address these key issues, but methods to encage Li inside scaffolds remain challenging. The melt infusion of molten Li into substrates has attracted enormous attention in both academia and industry because it provides an industrially adoptable technology capable of fabricating composite Li anodes. In this review, the wetting mechanism driving the spread of liquefied Li toward a substrate is discussed. Following this, various strategies are proposed to engineer stable Li metal composite anodes that are suitable for liquid and solid-state electrolytes. A general conclusion and a perspective on the current limitations and possible future research directions for constructing composite Li anodes for high-energy lithium metal batteries are presented.

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Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Designing Stable Composite Lithium Anodes with Improved Wettability

2020

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“…In oxygen free environment, Ga does not wet materials like polymers or glass . The high surface tension of Ga (708 mJ m −2 ) prevents the design of freestanding structures below the capillary length (≈3.5 mm). In the presence of oxygen, however, a solid, passivation oxide skin (≈3 nm thick Ga 2 O 3 film) spontaneously forms at the surface of Ga.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method to Form Smooth Films of Liquid Metal Supported by Elastomeric Substrate

Hirsch

Lacour

2018

Advanced Science

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Several methods are proposed to manipulate and pattern liquid metal films into elastic conductors but all lack precise control over the film thickness and roughness, thereby limiting its uniformity, stability, and reproducibility. Here, an approach relying solely on wetting phenomena is proposed to produce smooth film of liquid gallium (Ga) on extended surface areas with controlled thickness and electrical properties. The surface chemistry and topography of silicone rubber (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) is engineered with microstructured pillars and gold precoating layer to produce Ga superlyophilic substrates. Physical vapor deposition of Ga on such substrates leads to the formation of smooth and homogeneous films by imbibition of the surface topography rather than coalescence and formation of Ga drops. By capillarity, Ga accumulates in between the pillars up to their top surface, forming a smooth film with a root mean square roughness (Rq) smaller than 100 nm. The wetting conditions and electromechanical properties of the resulting films are compared based on the selection of the microtexture patterns and a model of the film sheet resistance as a function of the texture geometrical parameters is established.

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“…17) is suggested as the difference between the total electrical power in the process as supplied by the welding power source U PowerSource • I Arc with an efficiency factor of 0.8 and the power of the droplet (Eq. (18)), following [16], as the efficiency factor accounts for resistive power losses in the cables and contacts and for losses due to energy dissipation (radiation and convection) of the arc column to the environment.…”

Section: Simplified Surface Heat Source Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplified surface heat source distribution for GMAW process simulation based on the EDACC principle

et al. 2020

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A simplified surface heat source for gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process simulation based on the principle of evaporation determined arc cathode coupling (EDACC) is presented. It allows for a simple implementation in any GMAW weld pool simulation and is dependent on the width of the arc, as well as the weld pool surface temperature, but it can also be applied with the temperature and iron vapor density of the plasma instead of the width of the arc, if available. While it is considered separately from the droplets, it gives the heat flux as well as the current density distribution onto the weld pool surface, which are in general not axis-symmetric. The heat source distribution is normalized and multiplied to the value of any total heat and total current and it allows to calibrate for the maximum weld pool surface temperature. For the ionization and evaporation, only iron atoms are considered, and the shielding gas is assumed as argon. The result is given in graphical form as well as in the form of easy to implement functions for a reasonable range.

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Surface tension of liquid metal: role, mechanism and application

Cited by 134 publications

References 242 publications

Recent Progress in Designing Stable Composite Lithium Anodes with Improved Wettability

Recent Progress in Designing Stable Composite Lithium Anodes with Improved Wettability

A Method to Form Smooth Films of Liquid Metal Supported by Elastomeric Substrate

Simplified surface heat source distribution for GMAW process simulation based on the EDACC principle

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