Surface-to-bed heat transfer for high-density particles in conical spouted and spout–fluid beds

On the pyrolysis of different microalgae species in a conical spouted bed reactor: Bio-fuel yields and characterization

“…This type of reactor is suitable for handling different kinds of particles, from coarse to fine materials, and even sticky solids, with no agglomeration and segregation problems due to the vigorous solid circulation regime attained (Elordi et al, 2011). Moreover, the particle movement in spouted bed reactors leads to higher heat transfer rates between particles and phases (P K Yaman et al, 2019), which makes them especially suitable for the thermochemical conversion of biomass and waste (Perkins et al, 2018). In this study, a conical spouted bed reactor was used for the pyrolysis of different microalgae species.…”

Experimental Investigation of an Intensified Heat Transfer Adsorption Bed (IHTAB) Reactor Prototype

“…The pressure gradient establishes the direction of flow. According to correlations in [35,50,51], the minimum spouting velocity was equal to 0.03 m/s. Based on the comparison with reports from [35,51] the following characteristic properties of the particle movement can be defined for the conical spouted fluidized bed.…”

“…The use of a spouted-conical bed dedicated to materials difficult to be fluidized is also an essential factor. In the analyzed cases, the fluidization conditions were selected in accordance with correlations in [35,50]. Taking into account the material parameters of the silica gel and the working conditions of the IHTAB, the minimum spouting velocity was equal to 0.03 m/s.…”

“…A spouted-conical bed is one of the nonconventional fluidized beds proposed by Wen-Ching Yang in [35] to improve the parameters of beds composed of materials difficult to fluidize, e.g., due to the shape or size of the grains. Since for research hard-to-handle solids under low pressures were used, e.g., silica gel that changes its properties during vapor adsorption, carbon nanotubes that tend to agglomerate and the spouted-conical bed was used [50]. The pressure in the reaction chamber and evaporator is controlled by valves ( 9) and (10).…”