Surface wave loss reduction by spherical reflector enhances antenna coupled IR detector performance

Mubarak, Mohamed H.; Sidek, Othman; Abdel‐Rahman, M.; Shukri, A.

doi:10.1109/rfm.2015.7587759

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The performance of this device can be enhanced by employing more complicated fabrication techniques. For example, one can use higher TCR bolometers 35,36 , lower loss substrates 37,38 , or thermally isolate the microbolometers from the substrate 39,40 . Additionally, rather than using a bolometer, other detectors such as MIM diodes 8,9 can be used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide Dynamic Range, Angle-Sensing, Long-Wave Infrared Detector Using Nano-Antenna Arrays

Mohammadi

Ghaffari

Behdad

2020

Sci Rep

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We present a new technique for designing angle-sensing, long-wave infrared (LWiR) detectors. Angle detection in the proposed detector is achieved by measuring the ratio of the absorbed power in two closely-spaced, directive infrared antennas. each directive LWiR antenna is in the form of a threeelement Yagi-Uda array sharing a common reflector element with its neighbor. The structure of each antenna is optimized to act both as the collector of the infrared energy from the desired direction and as a distributed bolometer that senses the received radiation. the resistivity of each bolometer-antenna changes as a function of the absorbed power by the antenna. this change of resistance is sensed by biasing each antenna with a constant Dc voltage and measuring the change of current passing through the antenna. following this approach, by measuring the ratio of the resistance change in the two antennas, the angle of arrival of the LWiR signal can be determined. We present the design, fabrication, and measurement results of an angle-sensing detector optimized to operate at the wavelength of λ = 10.6 μm. the proposed detector has subwavelength dimensions occupying an aperture having dimensions of approximately 0.6 λ 0 × 0.4λ 0 . the response of the detector was measured and shows the angle sensing dynamic range of 22 dB within the field of view of ±60°.Infrared (IR) detectors, working at infrared wavelengths between 8-12 μm, are in high demand since they can detect the thermal energy radiated from the objects at room temperature 1 . Commercially-available IR detectors are divided into two broad groups of photon detectors and thermal detectors. Photon detectors work based on the photon absorption in semiconductors, while in thermal detectors the absorbed incident radiation increases the temperature of the device, which results in variations of physical properties that can be sensed through external methods 2 . Photon detectors have better detectivity and faster response times. However, thermal detectors can work at room temperature but they usually suffer from lower response times and detectivities 2 . Infrared antennas can be coupled to various types of infrared detectors such as microbolometers 3-5 , thermocouples 6,7 , metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diodes 8,9 , and Schottky diodes 10 to achieve faster responses compared to those of conventional thermal IR detectors 11,12 . In these devices, the sensitivity of the antennas to the incoming electromagnetic (EM) radiation results in an induced current, which is proportional to the intensity of the EM wave in the antenna. This current is detected by the IR sensor coupled to the antenna. If the sensor is thermal in nature (e.g., a bolometer), the current dissipated in it raises its temperature resulting in a change of resistance that can be sensed by appropriately biasing the detector. Other detectors such as MIM diodes can also be coupled to such antennas. In such a situation the detection of the IR radiation can be performed through the nonlinear process of rectification. In ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide Dynamic Range, Angle-Sensing, Long-Wave Infrared Detector Using Nano-Antenna Arrays

Mohammadi

Ghaffari

Behdad

2020

Sci Rep

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“…Besides reducing the substrate mode losses, that structure also offers high polarization discrimination response and increased effective antenna aperture area that adds a space diversity gain to the detector and inherently increases its detectivity [ 58 ]. A preliminary simulation analysis of a similar structure has shown a 20 dB gain increase compared to the conventional structure [ 59 ].…”

Section: Antenna Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-Antenna Coupled Infrared Detector Design

Mubarak

Sidek

Abdel‐Rahman

et al. 2018

Sensors

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Since the 1940s, infrared (IR) detection and imaging at wavelengths in the two atmospheric windows of 3 to 5 and 8 to 14 μm has been extensively researched. Through several generations, these detectors have undergone considerable developments and have found use in various applications in different fields including military, space science, medicine and engineering. For the most recently proposed generation, these detectors are required to achieve high-speed detection with spectral and polarization selectivity while operating at room temperature. Antenna coupled IR detectors appear to be the most promising candidate to achieve these requirements and has received substantial attention from research in recent years. This paper sets out to present a review of the antenna coupled IR detector family, to explore the main concepts behind the detectors as well as outline their critical and challenging design considerations. In this context, the design of both elements, the antenna and the sensor, will be presented individually followed by the challenging techniques in the impedance matching between both elements. Some hands-on fabrication techniques will then be explored. Finally, a discussion on the coupled IR detector is presented with the aim of providing some useful insights into promising future work.

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“…Considerable efforts have been made to improve the overall efficiency either by increasing antenna coupling efficiency [2,[6][7][8][9][10], sensing device efficiency [10][11][12], and impedance matching efficiency between both the antenna and the sensing device [1,13]. An integrated microparabolic reflector nanoantenna coupled structure was proposed in [14,15] and is expected to contribute with a considerable increase in the detectivity through the reduction in the substrate modes losses, and an added space diversity gain via the new larger optical active area of the device.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fabrication of microparabolic reflector for infrared antenna coupled detectors

Mubarak

Sidek

Abdel‐Rahman

et al. 2018

Micro & Nano Letters

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The fabrication process of a microparabolic reflector using isotropic xenon difluoride XeF 2 etching technique is presented and analysed through this work for developing infrared antenna-coupled detectors. Although many parametric studies described the behaviour of this process in the literature, the non-linearity of the process and its dramatic dependency on the pattern definition result in great difficulties when adopting the process for developing a particular structure. The main focus of this work is, therefore, to present a detailed etching analysis as dictated in the proposed design providing the proper etching recipe according to the proposed structure design and its associated masking pattern. Deep insights into the process have been highlighted suggesting the necessity of the process assessment in terms of evaluating the threedimensional etched volume rather than the etched depth. This will potentially solve the non-linearity behaviour and the pattern dependency problem. The optimum etching recipe yields approximately a total volume of 0.354 mm 3 through the proper patterning mask. The resultant parabolic cavities have 75 and 13 mm in their diameter and depth, respectively, as required for the proposed structure. The integration of a microparabolic reflector with such detectors will potentially enhance the specific detectivity of these detectors.

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Surface wave loss reduction by spherical reflector enhances antenna coupled IR detector performance

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Wide Dynamic Range, Angle-Sensing, Long-Wave Infrared Detector Using Nano-Antenna Arrays

Wide Dynamic Range, Angle-Sensing, Long-Wave Infrared Detector Using Nano-Antenna Arrays

Nano-Antenna Coupled Infrared Detector Design

Fabrication of microparabolic reflector for infrared antenna coupled detectors

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