Surfactant-free solution-based synthesis of metallic nanoparticles toward efficient use of the nanoparticles’ surfaces and their application in catalysis and chemo-/biosensing

Abstract

Abstract:The choice of stabilizer and the stabilizer-toprecursor ions molar ratio during metal nanoparticle synthesis are important for controlling the shape, size, and dispersion stability of the nanoparticles. However, the active sites on the nanoparticles surfaces may be blocked by the stabilizing agents used, resulting in a less-than-effective utilization of the surfaces. In this review, various surfactant-free solution-based methods of synthesizing metal nanoparticles are described, along with the applications of such nanoparticles in catalysis and sensing. " Surfactant-free " synthesis does not imply truly bare metal nanoparticles synthesis but implies one where the metal nanoparticles are prepared in the absence of additional stabilizing agents such as thiolate and phosphine compounds, surfactants, and polymers. These metal nanoparticles are stabilized by the solvents or the simple ions of the reducing agents or low-molecular-weight salts used. Surfactant-free synthesis of metal nanoparticles via photochemical-, ultrasonochemical-, and laser ablation-mediated synthesis methods is also described. Because of the effective utilization of their surfaces, metal nanoparticles prepared without surfactants, polymers, templates, or seeds are expected to exhibit high performance when used in catalysis (synthetic catalysis and electrocatalysis) and sensing (surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)), surfaceassisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS)).

Monovalent Alkali Cations: Simple and Eco-Friendly Stabilizers for Surfactant-Free Precious Metal Nanoparticle Colloids

“…16,17 Popular methods to prepare surfactant-free and 'unprotected' metal NPs are solution based syntheses where the particle formation is triggered either by conventional heating or laser ablation. [18][19][20] In particular, the synthesis of precious metal NPs can be performed using the polyol synthesis 11,[21][22][23] where the high viscosity of the solvent plays a role in the stabilization of the NPs. 21,24 CO and OH/OHgroups also account for the stabilization of the NPs 25 and their water dispersibility.…”

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis And Characterizatıon of Novel RuxM1-xAl2O3 Nanoparticles

“…Chemical precipitation with MW-assisted method is simple easily to produce high yield and hence rapid reaction occurs. EG also acts as a reducing agent to reduce the metal ion to metal oxide [27]..…”

Surfactant-Free Precious Metal Colloidal Nanoparticles for Catalysis

“…While it is a popular belief, there is actually no need to use surfactants for a number of colloidal synthetic approaches to be successful. The last comprehensive review, not technique specific, on the topic of surfactant-free synthesis is probably from 2013 by Prof Kawasaki (Kawasaki 2013). The present Mini-Review therefore focuses on work published after this date and new strategies that emerged since.…”