“…Our study of Japan fits well with how surf tourism and surf culture are being examined outside North American, Australasian, and Western European contexts (for a summary, see the Introduction of Hough-Snee & Eastman, 2017). There are varied and complex histories that comprise global surf culture today, involving co-constituting and conflicting local and global tendencies (Anderson, 2014; Comer, 2010; Evers, 2017; Laderman, 2014; Usher & Kerstetter, 2015; Wheaton, 2013). Such dynamics play out in relation to multiple social identity axes of gender, race, ethnicity, class, age, (dis)abilities, religion, and sexuality (Thorpe & Olive, 2016).…”