Surgery 4.0: the natural culmination of the industrial revolution?

Implementation of 3D printed superior mesenteric vascular models for surgical planning and/or navigation in right colectomy with extended D3 mesenterectomy: comparison of virtual and physical models to the anatomy found at surgery

“…The core definition of this term is to "digitally" define the patient, in this way being able to provide patient-centered surgical treatments with different levels of "digital" information [111]. Moreover, digital surgery lies below the overall umbrella of surgery 4.0 which is a more general term mainly referring to the "digitalization of surgery" [112].…”

Real-time Augmented Reality—The Next Frontier for Ophthalmic Surgery

“…In recent years, AI research in ophthalmology has largely focused on the development of automated diagnostic platforms for common ophthalmic diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. 1 However, the union of AI and surgery, pithily termed surgery 4.0 by other surgical disciplines-an allusion to a conceptual fourth industrial revolution ushered in by smart machines 2 -is still in its infancy for surgical fields as a whole and has been slower still to find practical footing in ophthalmic surgery.…”

Robots in laparoscopic surgery: current and future status

“…Surgical robotics will bring surgery to the next level with the combination of robots and artificial intelligence. The existing master-slave surgical support robot is positioned as Surgery 3.0, and the next generation will be Surgery 4.0 [40]. Verb Surgical announced that Surgery 4.0 is the enabling of a digital surgical platform coupled with robots.…”