Surgical Anatomy of the Mimic Muscle System and the Facial Nerve

Freilinger, G; Gruber, Helmut; Happak, Wolfgang; Pechmann, Ursula

doi:10.1097/00006534-198711000-00005

Cited by 149 publications

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“…Each facial muscle was, however, innervated by multiple terminal branches of the facial nerve without being accompanied by the corresponding blood vessels. The plexus of the facial nerve, as well as the route of each terminal nerve branch to the muscle, was described by Fujita (1934) and Freilinger et al (1987). Our observations were in accordance with these findings and in addition we found that each motor zone was always positioned in the immediate vicinity of the entrance point of the small, terminal facial nerve branch.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The absence of myomyous junctions in the examined muscle fibers suggests that the length of each single muscle fiber directly correlates to the corresponding facial muscle. The data described in Table 1 are consistent with the results of previous studies on facial muscle dimensions (Freilinger et al, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Until recently, human facial muscles were thought to be similar to the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs. Varying studies on the facial nerve (Fujita, 1934;Freilinger et al, 1987) and its branching pattern (Davis et al, 1956;Bernstein and Nelson, 1984;Katz and Catalano, 1987) as well as the number of muscle fibers per motor unit (Feinstein et al, 1955), and histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of facial muscles (Happak et al, 1988;Freilinger et al, 1990;Stal, 1994), showed significant differences from the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs. The aim of this study was to determine the innervation pattern of the facial muscle system, the location of the motor bands in each different facial muscle, as well as the position and number of MEPs on single muscle fibers.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Human facial muscles: Dimensions, motor endplate distribution, and presence of muscle fibers with multiple motor endplates

et al. 1997

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Background: Extrafusal muscle fibers of human striated skeletal muscles are known to have a uniform innervation pattern. Motor endplates (MEP) of the ''en plaque'' type are located near the center of muscle fibers and distributed within the muscles in a narrow band. The aim of this study was to evaluate the innervation pattern of human facial muscles and compare it with that of skeletal muscles.Methods: Ten facial muscles from 11 human cadavers were dissected, the nerve entrance points located, and the dimensions measured. All muscles were stained in toto for MEPs using Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and examined under the microscope to determine their location. Single muscle fibers were teased to evaluate the stained MEPs.Results: The length of the different facial muscles varied from 29 to 65 mm, which correlated to the length of the corresponding muscle fibers. MEP zones were found on the muscles in the immediate vicinity of the nerves' entrance points and located eccentrically. Numbers and locations varied from muscle to muscle. Three MEP zone distribution patterns were differentiated: numerous small MEP zones were evenly spread over the muscle, a predominant MEP zone and two to three small zones were spread at random, and two to four MEP zones of equal size were randomly scattered.One MEP of the ''en plaque'' type was found in 73.8% of the muscle fibers and two to five MEPs were found in 26.2%. The distances between the multiple MEPs on one muscle fiber varied from 10 to 500 µm.Conclusions: This study suggests that facial muscles differ from skeletal muscles regarding distribution and number of MEPs. The eccentric location of MEP zones and multiple MEPs suggests there is an independent mechanism of neural regulation in the facial muscle system. Anat.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Human facial muscles: Dimensions, motor endplate distribution, and presence of muscle fibers with multiple motor endplates

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“…From there, these muscles migrate to their adult position [1,6,7]. These muscles are composed of fibres running in parallel lines and are arranged in four layers, depending on their origin [2],…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…together with the insertions of the muscles mentioned above, interdigitate in the modiolus at the angle of the mouth. Fibres from the very deep part of the levator labii superioris muscle also contribute to the formation of the modiolus [2]. Other fibres from the levator labii superioris muscle do not insert on the orbicularis oris muscle but penetrate the muscle to insert onto the mucocutaneous border and the vermilion of the lips [4], The term 'modiolus' refers to the Latin term which means 'the nave of a wheel'.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Study on the Convergence of the Facial Muscles at the Angle of the Mouth

Greyling¹,

Meiring²

1992

Cells Tissues Organs

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Muscle transplantation for reconstruction of a smile after facial paralysis past, present, and future

Guelinckx

Sinsel

1996

Microsurgery

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Reconstruction of a natural, spontaneous, symmetrical smile remains the ultimate goal of reanimation of the mid-face after facial paralysis. Recently the one-stage mini-gracilis muscle transplantation, innervated by the contralateral facial nerve, has been introduced to solve this difficult problem. This paper illustrates by means of a historical review the numerous procedures which have led to the development of this intervention. Moreover, it addresses relevant differences between the classical two-stage procedure using a cross-facial nerve graft and the recently advocated one-stage procedure. The underlying neurophysiological mechanism and determination of the final functional outcome of the neurovascular muscle transfer to the face are discussed, and areas which deserve future research are mentioned.

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Surgical Anatomy of the Mimic Muscle System and the Facial Nerve

Cited by 149 publications

References 0 publications

Human facial muscles: Dimensions, motor endplate distribution, and presence of muscle fibers with multiple motor endplates

Human facial muscles: Dimensions, motor endplate distribution, and presence of muscle fibers with multiple motor endplates

Morphological Study on the Convergence of the Facial Muscles at the Angle of the Mouth

Muscle transplantation for reconstruction of a smile after facial paralysis past, present, and future

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