Surgical management of diabetic retinopathy

Abstract

Surgery for late complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy remains the cornerstone of management even in patients who have received optimal laser photocoagulation and medical therapy. With improvisation in the surgical techniques and development of micro-incision surgical techniques for vitrectomy, the indications for surgical intervention are expanding to include diabetic macular edema with a greater number of patients undergoing early intervention. This review describes the current indications, surgical techniques, adjunctive anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications of pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema.

Retinal Vessel Oxygen Saturation Increases After Vitrectomy

“…Vitrectomy is frequently employed in the management of the complications of advanced DR, including vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment. [16][17][18] The relationship between the vitreous and retinal metabolism is complex. However, Stefansson 2,3 has postulated that vitrectomy may also be beneficial in DR by improving retinal oxygenation.…”

“…Vitrectomy is frequently employed in the management of the complications of advanced DR including vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment. [16][17][18] However, Stefansson 2 has postulated that vitrectomy may also be beneficial in DR by improving retinal oxygenation. The removal of the viscous vitreous gel by vitrectomy may help to improve oxygen saturation in the retina by facilitating the diffusion of oxygen from the anterior segment.…”

Three-Dimensional Enhanced Imaging of Vitreoretinal Interface in Diabetic Retinopathy Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

“…These may potentially bleed during surgical vitrectomy. 1,14,31 Hence, they are important to recognize and sever during vitrectomy so as to prevent intraoperative retinal tears and perioperative and postoperative bleeding complications. The present study demonstrates pegs between the detached posterior hyaloid and the inner retinal surface in 1 eye with severe NPDR, over half the eyes with PDR and over one-third of the eyes with DME.…”

Exploring the Least Studied Australian Eucalypt Genera: Corymbia and Angophora for Phytochemicals with Anticancer Activity against Pancreatic Malignancies

“…[12] C. citriodora is also used to treat nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, indigestion, irritable bowel and bloating and is extensively used in aromatherapy. [13] Similarly, C. maculata has been shown to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects in some studies. [14] [15] Juice extracted from the leaves of C. maculata is used to treat rheumatism and paralysis by the Khasi traditional healers and villagers in Meghalaya, India.…”