Surgical Repair of Pulmonary Venous Stenosis: A Word of Caution

Multiple and aggressive pulmonary vein transcatheter interventions as bridge to transplantation in primary diffuse pulmonary vein stenosis

“…Surgical repair is the conventional treatment approach; however, the results are unsatisfactory due to high rate of restenosis and high mortality [1,2,4,5,7,10]. Application of the sutureless technique has not improved the outcome in these patients [2,3,11].…”

“…Several types of palliation (surgical and transcatheter) have been attempted [3]. However, regardless of the type of intervention, recurrence and mortality remain high [1,[4][5][6]. Bilateral pulmonary vein involvement and younger age at diagnosis are associated with shorter survival [2,6].…”

Repair of iatrogenic pulmonary vein occlusion with a vascularized atrial flap

“…Previous case reports describe the feasibility and effectiveness of surgical repair for PVO . However, successful surgery can be difficult to accomplish, and improved surgical techniques are needed . Furthermore, long‐term follow‐up reveal continuous high rates of pulmonary restenosis, which remains a concern in the treatment of PVO …”

Persistent Oxygen Requirement beyond Prematurity: A Case of Acquired Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

“…Data suggests limited survival beyond 5 years [12, 13, 15, 16]. Furthermore, increasing number of pulmonary vessels involved, prematurity, and other comorbidities have each been shown to further decrease survival [7, 14, 17].…”

“…Surgical marsupialization, gamma-interferon, and chemotherapy have additionally been tried with variable results. However, no therapeutic strategy or surgical intervention has proven successful in improving long-term prognosis or survival for patients with PVS [13, 15, 16, 18]. …”