Surrogacy: Donor Conception Regulation in Japan

Semba, Yukari; Chang, Chiung-Fang; Hong, Hyunsoo; Kamisato, Ayako; Kokado, Minori; Muto, Kaori

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01780.x

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…This is a questionable presumption because possibilities of payment must be reviewed independently irrespective of their kinship. Compensation for egg donors and surrogate mothers has been discussed since the late 1990s (American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2007;Semba et al, 2009). The Declaration of Istanbul has also described the necessity to compensate living donors (TTS, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organ Transplantation as a Family Issue: Living Liver Donors in Japan

Muto

2010

Int J Japanese Sociology

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The global criticism of organ trafficking and transplant tourism requires many countries to pursue legal protection of living organ donors for organ transplantation. Japan is one of the criticized countries: more than 26 000 people have become living organ donors. This paper presents an exploration of living liver transplantation in Japan from legal, social and ethical perspectives. Since the first living liver transplantation in 1989, the cases have increased, with extremely high dependency in spite of a few deaths and cases of severe disability. Government and professional guidelines stipulate that living donors be “relatives” so that living organ transplantation can be privatized and regarded as a family issue, although it is strictly limited to altruistic cases in some countries. Based on results of the Living Liver Donor Survey conducted in 2004, Japanese liver donors have had various experiences. Most male donors were employed, felt some obligation and had concerns about financial effects or employment during decision‐making. In contrast, only a quarter of female donors were employed, felt guilty for their children, and did not have opportunities for regular health checkups after donation. Severe tensions and family break‐up were observed in adult‐to‐adult cases, although donors were satisfied with donation overall. The author suggests that we should rethink privatization of living organ donation and that independent advocates should support potential donors. Further research is necessary to explore the reasons why organ donation is privatized even in some forms of cadaver cases in Japan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organ Transplantation as a Family Issue: Living Liver Donors in Japan

Muto

2010

Int J Japanese Sociology

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“…From the standpoint of reproductive medicine involving a third party, UTx is comparable with surrogacy . As a kind of organ transplant, the problem of transplantation that is unrelated to life‐threatening organ use is faced.…”

Section: Ethical Legal and Social Issues Regarding Uterus Transplanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the standpoint of reproductive medicine involving a third party, UTx is comparable with surrogacy. [91][92][93][94] As a kind of organ transplant, the problem of transplantation that is unrelated to life-threatening organ use is faced. Although many ethical problems exist regarding the clinical application of UTx, ~80% of Japanese general citizens have accepted UTx ethically, which was higher than the acceptance rate of surrogacy, 95-97 similar to other countries.…”

Section: Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uterus transplantation: Toward clinical application in Japan

Suganuma

Hayashi

Kisu³

et al. 2017

Reprod Medicine & Biology

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BackgroundIn recent years, uterus transplantation (UTx) has been applied as the treatment for patients with uterine factor infertility worldwide. Thus, the clinical application of UTx in Japan should be considered through both the history of UTx technology development in the world and future prospects.MethodsRecent information on UTx was collected via a literature survey and the Internet.ResultsBasic research using various animals has been done mainly since 2000. In 2014, the world's first UTx baby was born in Sweden. In total, 24 UTx procedures have been performed at 10 institutes in nine countries and five births were obtained (as of May, 2017). In Japan, the “Project Team for Uterus Transplantation” initiated UTx experiments in 2008 and the “Japan Society for Uterus Transplantation” was organized in March, 2014. In the rest of the world, the “International Society for Uterus Transplantation” was established in January, 2016.ConclusionUterus transplantation is still under development as a reproductive medicine tool and organ transplant procedure. A collaborative system that is not limited by facilities and specialties should strive to build an “all‐Japan” team.

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“…For example, in the EU, oocyte donation is permitted under certain conditions in France, but it is forbidden in Germany and Italy. In Japan, there is no legislation concerning ART, gamete or embryo donation, and gestational surrogacy, which have been controlled by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology guidelines [4]. As for surrogate pregnancies, the academic .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of public attitudes towards third-party reproduction in Japan in 2014

Yamamoto

Hirata

Izumi

et al. 2018

Preprint

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20Objective: The objective of this study was to examine public attitudes towards third-party 21 reproduction and the disclosure of conception through third-party reproduction. 22Methods: We conducted the web-based survey for the public attitude towards third-party 23 reproduction in February 2014. Twenty-five hundred people were recruited with equal 24 segregation of age (20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s) and gender. We analyzed the association 25 between gender, age, infertility, and ethical view using a questionnaire regarding donor 26 sperm, donor oocyte, donor embryo, gestational surrogacy, and disclosure to offspring. 27Results: Of the respondents, 36.2% approved and 26.6% disapproved with gamete or 28 embryo donation. The frequency of those who approved was the lowest in females in the 29 50-59 years age group, and was significantly higher in males or females with infertility. 30Secondly, 40.9% approved and 21.8% disapproved with gestational surrogacy. The 31 frequency of those who approved gestational surrogacy was higher in males or females 32 with infertility. Thirdly, 46.3% of respondents agreed and 20.4% disagreed with 33 "offspring have the right to know their origin". Those who disagreed were primarily in 34 the 50-59 age group of both genders, and disagreement was significantly higher in the 35 infertility group compared with non-infertility group. 36Conclusion: In this study, public attitudes were affected by gender, age, and experience 3 37 of infertility. These study findings are important in understanding the attitude towards 38 third-party reproduction and disclosure to the offspring. Respondents having indecisive 39 attitudes were >30%, which might indicate an increased requirement for information and 40 education to enhance the discussion on the ethical consensus on third-party reproduction 41 in Japan. 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 4 55 Introduction 56 The treatment cycle of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has dramatically 57 increased; more than 1 million babies were born by ART between 2008 and 2010 [1]. In 58 Japan, 424151 treatment cycles were carried out in 2015, and 51001 neonates (1 in 19.7 59 neonates born in Japan) were born [2]. Although ART is now widely accepted as 60 clinically effective for treatment of many forms of subfertility, some people cannot 61 conceive due to poor reproductive function, for example, uterine infertility and poor 62 ovarian function. For those patients, ART using third party sperm, oocytes, or uterus is 63 an option, known as third-party reproduction. 64It is not technically difficult to perform third-party reproduction. Indeed, in the United 65States, there has been many cases of third-party reproduction, accounting for 16% of the 66 total ART [3]. However, ethical concerns have been raised about these fertility treatments. 67The attitudes toward third-party reproduction are different in each country, which also 68 depends on a country's law on whether oocyte donation is legal or not. For example, in 69 the EU, oocyte donation is permitted under c...

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Surrogacy: Donor Conception Regulation in Japan

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Organ Transplantation as a Family Issue: Living Liver Donors in Japan

Organ Transplantation as a Family Issue: Living Liver Donors in Japan

Uterus transplantation: Toward clinical application in Japan

A survey of public attitudes towards third-party reproduction in Japan in 2014

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