Surveillance and Isolation of HPAI H5N1 from Wild Mandarin Ducks (Aix galericulata)

Lee, Dong Hun; Park, Jaekeun; Youn, Ha-Na; Lee, Yuna; Lim, Tae-Hyun; Kim, Myeong-Seob; Lee, Joong‐Bok; Park, Seung‐Yong; Choi, In‐Soo; Song, Chang‐Seon

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-47.4.994

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Notably, these clades have also been isolated among domestic poultry in India (clade 2.2), Nepal (clade 2.3.2.1) and Bangladesh (both clades) [40]–[42]. Further isolates of clade 2.3.2.1 viruses among wild birds in Hong Kong in the winter of 2007/8 [43], in Japan during spring 2008, and again in Japan and the Korean Peninsula during the winter 2010/11 [44] suggest that this clade has also been moving along the East Asian Australasian flyway, at least to the latitude of southern China. HPAIV appears to have persisted in wild birds in the Central Asian migratory flyway for a minimum of 15 months in the case of both clade 2.2 and clade 2.3.2.1 (Tables S5, S6, S7), although the possibility of multiple reintroductions from infected domestic poultry elsewhere in the flyway cannot be discounted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus among Wild Birds in Mongolia

et al. 2012

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Mongolia combines a near absence of domestic poultry, with an abundance of migratory waterbirds, to create an ideal location to study the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in a purely wild bird system. Here we present the findings of active and passive surveillance for HPAIV subtype H5N1 in Mongolia from 2005–2011, together with the results of five outbreak investigations. In total eight HPAIV outbreaks were confirmed in Mongolia during this period. Of these, one was detected during active surveillance employed by this project, three by active surveillance performed by Mongolian government agencies, and four through passive surveillance. A further three outbreaks were recorded in the neighbouring Tyva Republic of Russia on a lake that bisects the international border. No HPAIV was isolated (cultured) from 7,855 environmental fecal samples (primarily from ducks), or from 2,765 live, clinically healthy birds captured during active surveillance (primarily shelducks, geese and swans), while four HPAIVs were isolated from 141 clinically ill or dead birds located through active surveillance. Two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) were cultured from ill or dead birds during active surveillance, while environmental feces and live healthy birds yielded 56 and 1 LPAIV respectively. All Mongolian outbreaks occurred in 2005 and 2006 (clade 2.2), or 2009 and 2010 (clade 2.3.2.1); all years in which spring HPAIV outbreaks were reported in Tibet and/or Qinghai provinces in China. The occurrence of outbreaks in areas deficient in domestic poultry is strong evidence that wild birds can carry HPAIV over at least moderate distances. However, failure to detect further outbreaks of clade 2.2 after June 2006, and clade 2.3.2.1 after June 2010 suggests that wild birds migrating to and from Mongolia may not be competent as indefinite reservoirs of HPAIV, or that HPAIV did not reach susceptible populations during our study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus among Wild Birds in Mongolia

et al. 2012

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“…In the previous 4 HPAI (H5N8) virus outbreaks in South Korea and Japan, migratory waterfowl were identified as the source of HPAI outbreaks ( 14 , 15 ); however, related HPAI viruses were not reintroduced into South Korea and Japan after the initial outbreak season. The phylogenetic analysis described here shows that HPAI (H5N8) viruses isolated from migratory wild birds in the winter of 2014–15 are phylogenetically distinct from isolates from South Korean poultry farms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Reintroduced into South Korea by Migratory Waterfowl, 2014–2015

Kwon¹,

Lee²,

Swayne³

et al. 2016

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Although there has been no report yet on the pathogenicity of the clade 2.3.2.1 viruses in wild birds, many species of wild migratory birds (mandarin ducks, Baikal teals, whooper swans, white-fronted geese and spot-billed ducks) became infected and died of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAI virus infection during the 2010/2011 winter season in Korea [18]. However, some of the viruses were isolated from a captured healthy mallard duck as well as fecal samples from a mallard duck and mandarin ducks [19,20] collected at the birds’ wintering sites in Korea. These observations also indicate that the pathogenicity of the clade 2.3.2.1 Korean H5N1 HPAI viruses varies in wild bird species, and some wild bird species, such as mallard ducks and mandarin ducks, might act as a vector of the H5N1 HPAI viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before 2010, there have been three H5N1 HPAI outbreaks in Korea, and although it was strongly suspected that migratory birds participated in the transmission of the viruses to poultry flocks based on epidemiological data, dead or clinically ill wild migratory birds were not found. However, in the outbreak that occurred during the winter season of 2010/2011, unexpectedly high infection and mortality rates caused by H5N1 HPAI virus were recorded in wild birds such as wild ducks, including mandarin ducks ( Aix galericulata ), mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ) and Baikal teals ( Anas formosa ), and in raptors, including the Eurasian eagle owl ( Bubo bubo ), Eurasian sparrowhawk ( Accipiter nisus ) and common kestrel ( Falco tinnunculus ) [18,19,20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Wild Birds (Mandarin Duck and Eurasian Eagle Owl) in 2010 in Korea

Choi

Kang

Jeon

et al. 2013

Viruses

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Starting in late November 2010, the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was isolated from many types of wild ducks and raptors and was subsequently isolated from poultry in Korea. We assessed the genetic and pathogenic properties of the HPAI viruses isolated from a fecal sample from a mandarin duck and a dead Eurasian eagle owl, the most affected wild bird species during the 2010/2011 HPAI outbreak in Korea. These viruses have similar genetic backgrounds and exhibited the highest genetic similarity with recent Eurasian clade 2.3.2.1 HPAI viruses. In animal inoculation experiments, regardless of their originating hosts, the two Korean isolates produced highly pathogenic characteristics in chickens, ducks and mice without pre-adaptation. These results raise concerns about veterinary and public health. Surveillance of wild birds could provide a good early warning signal for possible HPAI infection in poultry as well as in humans.

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Surveillance and Isolation of HPAI H5N1 from Wild Mandarin Ducks (Aix galericulata)

Abstract: ABSTRACT:Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus circulates among a variety of free-ranging wild birds and continually poses a threat to animal and human health.

Cited by 22 publications

References 10 publications

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus among Wild Birds in Mongolia

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus among Wild Birds in Mongolia

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Reintroduced into South Korea by Migratory Waterfowl, 2014–2015

Characterization of Clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Wild Birds (Mandarin Duck and Eurasian Eagle Owl) in 2010 in Korea

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