Surveillance for African Swine Fever in Nigeria, 2006-2009

Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo; Shamaki, David; Makinde, A. A.; Lombin, L.H.; Lazarus, ‪David Dazhia; Rufai, S. A.; Adamu, SU; Agom, D. I.; Pelayo, V.; Soler, Alejandro; Simon, Alicia; Adedeji, Adeyinka Jeremy; Yakubu, Musa; Mantip, Samuel; a, Benshak; Okeke, Ikenna Osemeka; Anagor, P. O.; Mandeng, D. C.; Akanbi, B. O.; Ajibade, Adewunmi A; Faramade, Ibikunle A; Kazeem, M.M.; Enurah, L. U.; Bishop, Richard P.; Anchuelo, Raquel; Martin, Joel; Gallardo, Carmina

doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01142.x

Cited by 34 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It may become necessary to revise the existing programmes or expand them to reach and accommodate more small-scale/emerging farmers. The majority of farmers got their pigs from neighbouring farms (68%) whose disease status was unknown, or from markets (27%), which are usually collection areas and have been identified as sources of disease redistribution and dissemination (Costard et al, 2009;Fasina et al, 2010). It should be noted that many of the farmers interviewed confirmed having kept back ASF survivor pigs, or selling them, and taking sick pigs to live animal markets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous study in West Africa demonstrated that areas with a high level of pigrelated activities, which includes the marketing, consumption and farming of pigs, tend to have a higher prevalence of ASF, and that a significant reduction in ASF prevalence would only be possible if on-farm biosecurity protocols are fostered, and the affected pig farmers are compensated, inclusive routine surveillance and a testing system are instituted, and market and transportation systems are reorganized (Fasina et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drivers and risk factors for circulating African swine fever virus in Uganda, 2012–2013

Kabuuka

Kasaija

Mulindwa

et al. 2014

Research in Veterinary Science

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We explored observed risk factors and drivers of infection possibly associated with African swine fever (ASF) epidemiology in Uganda. Representative sub-populations of pig farms and statistics were used in a case-control model. Indiscriminate disposal of pig viscera and waste materials after slaughter, including on open refuse dumps, farm-gate buyers collecting pigs and pig products from within a farm, and retention of survivor pigs were plausible risk factors. Wire mesh-protected windows in pig houses were found to be protective against ASF infection. Sighting engorged ticks on pigs, the presence of a lock for each pig pen and/or a gate at the farm entrance were significantly associated with infection/non-infection; possible explanations were offered. Strict adherence to planned within-farm and community-based biosecurity, and avoidance of identified risk factors is recommended to reduce infection. Training for small-scale and emerging farmers should involve multidimensional and multidisciplinary ap-proaches to reduce humanrelated risky behaviours driving infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers and risk factors for circulating African swine fever virus in Uganda, 2012–2013

Kabuuka

Kasaija

Mulindwa

et al. 2014

Research in Veterinary Science

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“…The farmers tend to present sick and unthrifty pigs for slaughter at abattoirs first, without determining the cause of sickness, some of which may be ASF (Randriamparany et al, 2005;Fasina et al, 2010). Since the ASF virus is present in the tissues and body fluids of slaughtered sick pigs, massive environmental contamination and possible farm infection may result.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maps were drawn based on the reports of El-Hicheri (1998), Luther, et al (2007b, Owolodun et al (2007), Fasina et al (2010), Owolodun et al (2010) well as pest and rodent control measures (OR = 4.94; CI 95% = 1.84, 13.29; P = 0.002),…”

Section: Outbreaks Were Confirmed By Means Of Combinations Of Clinicomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ASF, 1997ASF, -2009 Samples from suspected ASF outbreaks submitted to the National Veterinary Research These results were supplemented by data from peer-reviewed literature and commissioned reports on ASF outbreaks in Nigeria between 1997(El-Hicheri, 1998Luther et al, 2007b;Owolodun et al, 2007;Owolodun et al, 2010;Fasina et al, 2010). The data were first filtered to exclude duplications and were then combined for the purposes of the spatio-temporal mapping of suspected and confirmed outbreaks (see Figures 1a and 1b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for farm-level African swine fever infection in major pig-producing areas in Nigeria, 1997–2011

Fasina

Agbaje

Ajani

et al. 2012

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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African swine fever (ASF) is an economically devastating disease for the pig industry, especially in Africa. Identifying what supports infection on pig farms in this region remains the key component in developing a risk-based approach to understanding the 2 epidemiology of ASF and controlling the disease. Nigeria was used for this matched case-control study, because there is perpetual infection in some areas, while contiguous areas are intermittently infected. Risk factors and biosecurity practices in pig farms were evaluated in association with ASF infection. Subsets of farms located in high-density pig population areas and high-risk areas for ASF infection were randomly selected for analysis. Most plausible risk factor variables from the univariable analysis included in the multivariable analysis include: owner of farm had regular contact with infected farms and other farmers, untested pigs were routinely purchased into the farm in the course of outbreaks, there was an infected neighbourhood, other livestock were kept alongside pigs, there was a presence of an abattoir/slaughter slab in pig communities, wild birds had free access to pig pens, tools and implements were routinely shared by pig farmers, there was free access to feed stores by rats, and feed were purchased from a commercial source Only the presence of an abattoir in a pig farming community (OR = 8.20; CI 95% = 2.73; 24.63; P < 0.001) and the presence of an infected pig farm in the neighbourhood (OR = 3.26; CI 95% = 1.20; 8.83; P = 0.02) were significant. There was a marginally significant negative association (protective) between risk of ASF infection and sharing farm tools and equipment (OR = 0.35; CI 95% = 0.12; 1.01; P = 0.05).Of the 28 biosecurity measures evaluated, food and water control (OR = 0.14; CI 95% = 0.04, 0.46; P < 0.001), separation/isolation of sick pigs (OR = 0.14; CI 95% = 0.04, 0.53; P = 0.004) and washing and disinfection of farm equipment and tools (OR = 0.27; CI 95% = 0.10, 0.78; P = 0.02) were negatively associated (protective) with ASF infection.Consultation and visits by veterinarian/paraveterinarians when animals were sick (OR = 8.11; CI 95% = 2.13, 30.90; P = 0.002), and pest and rodent control were positively 3 associated with ASF infection of Nigerian farms (OR = 4.94; CI 95% = 1.84, 13.29; P = 0.002).The presentation of sick and unthrifty pigs for slaughter at abattoirs, farmers' inadvertent role, an infected neighbourhood, a pig to pig contact, rodents and wild birds may contribute to infections of farms, whereas washing, disinfection of tools, food and water control, and separation of sick pigs reduces the likelihood of infections. Underlying reasons for these observations and strategies for control are discussed.

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Laboratory diagnosis of a new outbreak of acute African swine fever in smallholder pig farms in Jos, Nigeria

Tizhe

Luka

Adedeji

et al. 2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, fatal, economically important, transboundary, viral disease of pigs caused by a DNA virus belonging to the genus Asfivirus and in the family Asfarviridae (Murphy et al., 1999). The first reported ASF outbreak in Nigeria was in 1998 at a farm located in Lagos (FAO, 1998;Odemuyiwa et al., 2000). The disease spread widely within the country and has become endemic resulting in huge economic losses to the pig industry (Fadiga et al., 2013;Igbokwe & Maduka, 2018). ASF is a very fatal disease that can cause up to 100% mortality in a naïve pig population (Costard et al., 2009). Poor biosecurity, bad abattoir practices and extensive or free-range pig farming systems are known risk factors that facilitate the widespread dissemination of the disease in the country (Owolodun et al., 2010). In West Africa, ASF is reported more in domestic pig population, with humans and other fomites potentiating its spread with a one-time incidence in wild suids (Dixon et al., 2020;Luther et al., 2007). However, both domestic and wild pigs are susceptible to ASFV, but the wild

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Surveillance for African Swine Fever in Nigeria, 2006-2009

Cited by 34 publications

References 8 publications

Drivers and risk factors for circulating African swine fever virus in Uganda, 2012–2013

Drivers and risk factors for circulating African swine fever virus in Uganda, 2012–2013

Risk factors for farm-level African swine fever infection in major pig-producing areas in Nigeria, 1997–2011

Laboratory diagnosis of a new outbreak of acute African swine fever in smallholder pig farms in Jos, Nigeria

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