Surveillance for Chlamydia Spp. With Multilocus Sequence Typing Analysis in Wild and Captive Birds in Victoria, Australia

Amery-Gale, Jemima; Legione, Alistair R.; Marenda, Marc S.; Owens, Jane F.; Eden, Paul; Konsak-Ilievski, Barbara; Whiteley, Pam; Dobson, Elizabeth; Browne, Elizabeth A.; Slocombe, R. F.; Devlin, Joanne M.

doi:10.7589/2018-11-281

Cited by 18 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We found that host species predicted seroprevalence, with galahs having significantly higher seroprevalence compared to crimson rosellas and sulphur-crested cockatoos, suggesting that galahs may have a higher level of exposure to Chlamydia compared with the other host species. We also identified a higher C. psittaci prevalence in galahs (10%) than previously reported in this host species, with previous estimates between 0 and 2% 23,27,28 . Ecological or behavioural differences may result in increased chlamydial exposure in certain hosts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots

Stokes

Martens

Walder

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Chlamydia psittaci (order: Chlamydiales) is a globally distributed zoonotic bacterium that can cause potentially fatal disease in birds and humans. Parrots are a major host, yet prevalence and risk factors for infection in wild parrots are largely unknown. Additionally, recent research suggests there is a diverse range of novel Chlamydiales circulating in wildlife. We therefore sampled seven abundant parrot species in south-eastern Australia, taking cloacal swabs and serum from n = 132 wild adults. We determined C. psittaci and Chlamydiales prevalence and seroprevalence, and tested for host species, sex, geographical and seasonal differences, and temporal changes in individual infection status. Across all species, Chlamydiales prevalence was 39.8% (95% CI 31.6, 48.7), C. psittaci prevalence was 9.8% (95% CI 5.7, 16.3) and C. gallinacea prevalence was 0.8% (95% CI 0.1, 4.5). Other Chlamydiales species were not identified to species level. We identified two C. psittaci strains within the 6BC clade, which is highly virulent in humans. Seroprevalence was 37.0% (95% CI 28.5, 46.4). Host species (including crimson rosellas, galahs, sulphur-crested cockatoos and blue-winged parrots) differed in seroprevalence and Chlamydiales prevalence. Galahs had both highest Chlamydiales prevalence (54.8%) and seroprevalence (74.1%). Seroprevalence differed between sites, with a larger difference in males (range 20–63%) than females (29–44%). We reveal a higher chlamydial prevalence than previously reported in many wild parrots, with implications for potential reservoirs, and transmission risks to humans and other avian hosts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots

Stokes

Martens

Walder

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Both STs (equine ST27 and dove ST35) were closely related to the strains typically associated with infections of pigeons [86]. MLST analysis on Cps-positive samples from the bird surveillance study from Vic also detected Cps ST24 in both wild and captive birds, while Cps ST27 (detected in horses) was now unexpectedly described for the first time in a wild sulphur-crested cockatoo [91]. The Australian sheep and cattle Cps strains are yet to be molecularly characterised to confirm whether they fit within the "Cps bird reservoir" hypothesis.…”

Section: Are Australian Birds Really the Culprit In The Cps Infectionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Both perplexing and in contrast to the 1930s studies, detailed studies about Cps prevalence in Australian domesticated/pet or wild birds are lacking. A recent opportunistic survey of more than 400 wild and captive birds presented for veterinary care during December 2014 and December 2015 to the Wildlife Health Centre in Victoria (Vic) showed a significantly higher prevalence of infection in captive birds (8%; 9/113) compared to wild birds (0.7%; 2/299) [91]. In this study, Cps was characterised from a wild crimson rosella and sulphur-crested cockatoo, captive scaly-breasted lorikeets, cockatiels and a single pet budgerigar [91].…”

Section: Chlamydia Psittaci-a Parrot Pathogen With Zoonotic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent opportunistic survey of more than 400 wild and captive birds presented for veterinary care during December 2014 and December 2015 to the Wildlife Health Centre in Victoria (Vic) showed a significantly higher prevalence of infection in captive birds (8%; 9/113) compared to wild birds (0.7%; 2/299) [91]. In this study, Cps was characterised from a wild crimson rosella and sulphur-crested cockatoo, captive scaly-breasted lorikeets, cockatiels and a single pet budgerigar [91]. In another study from the same state, Cps was detected in single little corella out of 55 wild cacatuids tested [92].…”

Section: Chlamydia Psittaci-a Parrot Pathogen With Zoonotic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, limited available data indicates that Australian Cps diversity reflects the global Cps diversity, and we may continue to uncover novel Cps diversity genotypes. In light of recent Cps "spill-over" to a new host, the horse that further "spilt-over" to humans, and continued reports of human and avian psittacosis, broader bird and livestock surveillance/molecular epidemiology studies are imminent ( Figure 1A), while appropriate hygiene and biosecurity practices are highly recommended due to the serious human health implications of infection with this pathogen [83,91].…”

Section: Are Australian Birds Really the Culprit In The Cps Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlamydiae from Down Under: The Curious Cases of Chlamydial Infections in Australia

Jelocnik

2019

Microorganisms

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In Australia, the most researched and perhaps the most successful chlamydial species are the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, animal pathogens Chlamydia pecorum and Chlamydia psittaci. C. trachomatis remains the leading cause of sexually transmitted infections in Australians and trachoma in Australian Indigenous populations. C. pecorum is globally recognised as the infamous koala and widespread livestock pathogen, whilst the avian C. psittaci is emerging as a horse pathogen posing zoonotic risks to humans. Certainly not innocuous, the human infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae seem to be less prevalent that other human chlamydial pathogens (namely C. trachomatis). Interestingly, the complete host range for C. pecorum and C. psittaci remains unknown, and infections by other chlamydial organisms in Australian domesticated and wildlife animals are understudied. Considering that chlamydial organisms can be encountered by either host at the human/animal interface, I review the most recent findings of chlamydial organisms infecting Australians, domesticated animals and native wildlife. Furthermore, I also provide commentary from leading Australian Chlamydia experts on challenges and future directions in the Chlamydia research field.

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Wild Birds and Zoonotic Pathogens

Vogt¹

2023

Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Surveillance for Chlamydia Spp. With Multilocus Sequence Typing Analysis in Wild and Captive Birds in Victoria, Australia

Cited by 18 publications

References 48 publications

Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots

Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots

Chlamydiae from Down Under: The Curious Cases of Chlamydial Infections in Australia

Wild Birds and Zoonotic Pathogens

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