Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Wild Birds from Northern Europe

Jourdain, Elsa; Olsén, Björn; Lundkvist, Åke; Hubálek, Zdeněk; Šikutová, Silvie; Waldenström, Jonas; Karlsson, Malin; Wahlström, Maria; Jozan, Martine; Falk, Kerstin I.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0028

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The only WNV screening study of birds from the Nordic countries showed very low seroprevalence (0.1%) among the 104 sampled species, and no signs of exposure to WNV in the seven tested waterfowl species. [47] However, there are several reasons to include WNV in the present review. Firstly, WNV antibodies have been found in mute swans in Poland, Germany and Serbia.…”

Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential disease transmission from wild geese and swans to livestock, poultry and humans: a review of the scientific literature from a One Health perspective

Elmberg

Berg

Lerner

et al. 2017

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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There are more herbivorous waterfowl (swans and geese) close to humans, livestock and poultry than ever before. This creates widespread conflict with agriculture and other human interests, but also debate about the role of swans and geese as potential vectors of disease of relevance for human and animal health. Using a One Health perspective, we provide the first comprehensive review of the scientific literature about the most relevant viral, bacterial, and unicellular pathogens occurring in wild geese and swans. Research thus far suggests that these birds may play a role in transmission of avian influenza virus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and antibiotic resistance. On the other hand, at present there is no evidence that geese and swans play a role in transmission of Newcastle disease, duck plague, West Nile virus, Vibrio, Yersinia, Clostridium, Chlamydophila, and Borrelia. Finally, based on present knowledge it is not possible to say if geese and swans play a role in transmission of Escherichia coli, Pasteurella, Helicobacter, Brachyspira, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Microsporidia. This is largely due to changes in classification and taxonomy, rapid development of identification methods and lack of knowledge about host specificity. Previous research tends to overrate the role of geese and swans as disease vectors; we do not find any evidence that they are significant transmitters to humans or livestock of any of the pathogens considered in this review. Nevertheless, it is wise to keep poultry and livestock separated from small volume waters used by many wild waterfowl, but there is no need to discourage livestock grazing in nature reserves or pastures where geese and swans are present. Under some circumstances it is warranted to discourage swans and geese from using wastewater ponds, drinking water reservoirs, and public beaches. Intensified screening of swans and geese for AIV, West Nile virus and anatid herpesvirus is warranted.

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Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential disease transmission from wild geese and swans to livestock, poultry and humans: a review of the scientific literature from a One Health perspective

Elmberg

Berg

Lerner

et al. 2017

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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“…However, sedentary bird species in Europe may also be exposed to a wide diversity of flaviviruses [16,67,78]. Parallel titration for antibodies against several flaviviruses using VNTs is therefore essential in identifying exposure to potentially emerging flaviviruses and is even more crucial in assessing the continued transmission of introduced flaviviruses in Europe [68,76,85,132,162,163,164]. Similar constraints exist in serosurveys of wild ungulates because the diversity of the flaviviruses that may circulate in these species is poorly known [165].…”

Section: Serological Cross-reactions Between West Nile and Relatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flaviviruses in Europe: Complex Circulation Patterns and Their Consequences for the Diagnosis and Control of West Nile Disease

Beck

Jiménez‐Clavero²,

Leblond

et al. 2013

IJERPH

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153

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In Europe, many flaviviruses are endemic (West Nile, Usutu, tick-borne encephalitis viruses) or occasionally imported (dengue, yellow fever viruses). Due to the temporal and geographical co-circulation of flaviviruses in Europe, flavivirus differentiation by diagnostic tests is crucial in the adaptation of surveillance and control efforts. Serological diagnosis of flavivirus infections is complicated by the antigenic similarities among the Flavivirus genus. Indeed, most flavivirus antibodies are directed against the highly immunogenic envelope protein, which contains both flavivirus cross-reactive and virus-specific epitopes. Serological assay results should thus be interpreted with care and confirmed by comparative neutralization tests using a panel of viruses known to circulate in Europe. However, antibody cross-reactivity could be advantageous in efforts to control emerging flaviviruses because it ensures partial cross-protection. In contrast, it might also facilitate subsequent diseases, through a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement mainly described for dengue virus infections. Here, we review the serological methods commonly used in WNV diagnosis and surveillance in Europe. By examining past and current epidemiological situations in different European countries, we present the challenges involved in interpreting flavivirus serological tests and setting up appropriate surveillance programs; we also address the consequences of flavivirus circulation and vaccination for host immunity.

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“…Mosquito species from other genera are also susceptible to infection. There is now indirect evidence that WNV is transported by migratory birds to the temperate areas of Europe during spring migration [26-28]. Mammals are less important than birds in maintaining transmission cycles of the virus as viremia is too low in most of the mammal species to reinfect mosquitoes.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination

Filette

Ulbert

Diamond

et al. 2012

Vet Res

139

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, a large family with 3 main genera (flavivirus, hepacivirus and pestivirus). Among these viruses, there are several globally relevant human pathogens including the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Since the mid-1990s, outbreaks of WN fever and encephalitis have occurred throughout the world and WNV is now endemic in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe and the Unites States. This review describes the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and highlights recent progress regarding diagnosis and vaccination against WNV infections.

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Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Wild Birds from Northern Europe

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Potential disease transmission from wild geese and swans to livestock, poultry and humans: a review of the scientific literature from a One Health perspective

Potential disease transmission from wild geese and swans to livestock, poultry and humans: a review of the scientific literature from a One Health perspective

Flaviviruses in Europe: Complex Circulation Patterns and Their Consequences for the Diagnosis and Control of West Nile Disease

Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination

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