Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and animal samples of the Huanan Seafood Market

Gao, Lidong; Liu, William J.; Li, Peipei; Lei, Wenwen; Jia, Zhiyuan; He, Xiaozhou; Liu, Linlin; Shi, Weifeng; Tan, Yun; Zou, Shumei; Zhao, Xiang; Wong, Gary; Ji, Wang; Wang, Rui; Wang, Gang; Qin, Kun; Gao, Rongbao; Zhang, Jie; Li, Min; Xiao, Wenling; Guo, Yuanyuan; Xu, Ziqian; Zhao, Yingze; Song, Jingdong; Zhang, Jing; Wei, Zhen; Zhou, Wenting; Ye, Beiwei; Song, Juan; Yang, Mengjie; Zhou, Weimin; Bi, Yuhai; Cai, Kun; Wang, Dayang; Tan, Wenjie; Han, Jun; Xu, Wenbo; Wu, Guizhen

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1370392/v1

Cited by 45 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Both early lineages of SARS-CoV-2 were geographically associated with the market Two lineages of SARS-CoV-2 designated A and B (30) have co-circulated globally since early in the COVID-19 pandemic (31). Until a report in a recent preprint (24), only lineage B sequen-ces had been sampled at the Huanan market. The 11 lineage B cases from December 2019 for which we have location information resided closer than expected to the Huanan market compared with the age-matched Wuhan population distribution (median distance 8.30 km; P = 0.017) (25).…”

Section: Early Cases Lived Near To and Centered On The Huanan Marketmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic

Worobey

Levy

Serrano

et al. 2022

Science

284

192

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Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 is critical to preventing zoonotic outbreaks before they become the next pandemic. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China, was identified as a likely source of cases in early reports but later this conclusion became controversial. We show the earliest known COVID-19 cases from December 2019, including those without reported direct links, were geographically centered on this market. We report that live SARS-CoV-2 susceptible mammals were sold at the market in late 2019 and, within the market, SARS-CoV-2-positive environmental samples were spatially associated with vendors selling live mammals. While there is insufficient evidence to define upstream events, and exact circumstances remain obscure, our analyses indicate that the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 occurred via the live wildlife trade in China, and show that the Huanan market was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Early Cases Lived Near To and Centered On The Huanan Marketmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic

Worobey

Levy

Serrano

et al. 2022

Science

284

192

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Together, these studies suggest that the market played a major role as the epicenter of SARS-CoV-2 emergence and further weakened the lab-leak hypothesis. 41 − 43 …”

Section: Origin and Natural Reservoir Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned

et al. 2022

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and virulent human-infecting coronavirus that emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has massively impacted global public health and caused widespread disruption to daily life. The crisis caused by COVID-19 has mobilized scientists and public health authorities across the world to rapidly improve our knowledge about this devastating disease, shedding light on its management and control, and spawned the development of new countermeasures. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of knowledge gained in the last 2 years about the virus and COVID-19, including its origin and natural reservoir hosts, viral etiology, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, emerging variants, and vaccines, highlighting important differences from previously known highly pathogenic coronaviruses. We also discuss selected key discoveries from each topic and underline the gaps of knowledge for future investigations.

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“…When the WHO announced that the outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan was caused by a novel coronavirus on 9 January 2020, 59 cases had been reported in Wuhan, China. While some of the earliest cases have epidemiological links to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market [ 8 ], the lack of direct isolates from animals at the market [ 9 ] leaves the proximal origin and early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic timeline largely unclear. The first confirmed cases outside China were identified in Thailand and Japan on 20 January, and a day later, a Washington state resident who had returned from Wuhan on 15 January tested positive [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The past, current and future epidemiological dynamic of SARS-CoV-2

Balloux

Tan

Swadling

et al. 2022

Oxford Open Immunology

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SARS-CoV-2, the agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerged in late 2019 in China, and rapidly spread throughout the world to reach all continents. As the virus expanded in its novel human host, viral lineages diversified through the accumulation of around two mutations a month on average. Different viral lineages have replaced each other since the start of the pandemic, with the most successful Alpha, Delta and Omicron Variants of Concern (VoCs) sequentially sweeping through the world to reach high global prevalence. Neither Alpha nor Delta was characterised by strong immune escape, with their success coming mainly from their higher transmissibility. Omicron is far more prone to immune evasion and spread primarily due to its increased ability to (re-)infect hosts with prior immunity. As host immunity reaches high levels globally through vaccination and prior infection, the epidemic is expected to transition from a pandemic regime to an endemic one where seasonality and waning host immunisation are anticipated to become the primary forces shaping future SARS-CoV-2 lineage dynamics. In this review, we consider a body of evidence on the origins, host tropism, epidemiology, genomic and immunogenetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 including an assessment of other coronaviruses infecting humans. Considering what is known so far, we conclude by delineating scenarios for the future dynamic of SARS-CoV-2, ranging from the good—circulation of a fifth endemic ‘common cold’ coronavirus of potentially low virulence, the bad—a situation roughly comparable to seasonal flu, and the ugly—extensive diversification into serotypes with long-term high-level endemicity. Lay Summary SARS-CoV-2, the agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerged in late 2019 and spread globally causing the COVID-19 pandemic. When SARS-CoV-2 jumped into humans, it had essentially no genetic diversity, but as the viral population expanded, it diversified into myriad genetically distinct lineages through the acumulation of approximately two mutations a month. The vast majority of those lineages are now extinct. The most successful lineages so far were the Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants which all reached global prevalence and replaced each other in the process. Alpha and Delta emerged in late 2020 and spread at a time when immunisation of the human population was still low and reached global prevalence primarily by being more transmissible. Omicron started expanding in late 2021, at a time when a large proportion of the human population had already been vaccinated and/or exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Omicron was so successful mainly due to its ability to (re-)infect hosts with prior immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and put it in context of what is known about other coronaviruses infecting humans. We conclude by delineating plausible scenarios for the ‘endemic’ future of SARS-CoV-2.

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Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and animal samples of the Huanan Seafood Market

Cited by 45 publications

References 21 publications

The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic

The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic

Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned

The past, current and future epidemiological dynamic of SARS-CoV-2

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