Surveillance of Wildlife Diseases: Lessons from the West Nile Virus Outbreak

McNamara, Tracey; McLean, Robert G.; Saito, Emi K.; Wolff, Peregrine L.; Gillin, Colin M.; Fischer, John R.; Ellis, Julie C.; French, Richard A.; Martin, Patrick P.; Schuler, Krysten L.; McRuer, David L.; Clark, Edward E.; Hines, Megan K.; Marsh, Cris; Szewczyk, Victoria; Sladky, Kurt K.; Yon, Lisa; Hannant, D.; Siemer, William F.

doi:10.1128/9781555818432.ch16

Cited by 1 publication

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“…There are instances of major threats to human or domestic animal health that were unrecognized due to the lack of integration of environmental, wildlife, domestic animal, and public heath surveillance data [ 43 ]. For example, there were delays in recognizing that human cases of encephalitis and concurrent mortalities of crows in New York, United States in 1999 shared the West Nile virus as a common etiology due to the absence of an established communication protocol between the public health and wildlife health sectors [ 31 ]. Additionally, there is often insufficient surveillance in wildlife populations, thereby delaying the identification of and response to a disease event, consequently resulting in increased negative effects on wildlife and domestic animals.…”

Section: Opportunities For a One Health Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of human, animal, and environmental health by using the One Health approach

2017

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Emerging diseases are increasing burdens on public health, negatively affecting the world economy, causing extinction of species, and disrupting ecological integrity. One Health recognizes that human, domestic animal, and wildlife health are interconnected within ecosystem health and provides a framework for the development of multidisciplinary solutions to global health challenges. To date, most health-promoting interventions have focused largely on single-sector outcomes. For example, risk for transmission of zoonotic pathogens from bush-meat hunting is primarily focused on human hygiene and personal protection. However, bush-meat hunting is a complex issue promoting the need for holistic strategies to reduce transmission of zoonotic disease while addressing food security and wildlife conservation issues. Temporal and spatial separation of humans and wildlife, risk communication, and other preventative strategies should allow wildlife and humans to co-exist. Upstream surveillance, vaccination, and other tools to prevent pathogen spillover are also needed. Clear multi-sector outcomes should be defined, and a systems-based approach is needed to develop interventions that reduce risks and balance the needs of humans, wildlife, and the environment. The ultimate goal is long-term action to reduce forces driving emerging diseases and provide interdisciplinary scientific approaches to management of risks, thereby achieving optimal outcomes for human, animal, and environmental health.

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Section: Opportunities For a One Health Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%