Survey for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ in Citrus in Chile

Quiroga, Nicolás; Gamboa, Camila; Medina, Gabriela; Contaldo, Nicoletta; Torres, Fernando Araripe Gonçalves; Bertaccini, Assunta; Zamorano, Alan; Fiore, Nicola

doi:10.3390/pathogens11010048

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Citrus Huanglongbing is one of the most destructive citrus diseases affecting citrus production in China and around the world [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Taxonomically, there are three different species of Candidatus Liberibacter spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taxonomically, there are three different species of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. that have been reportedly associated with Citrus Huanglongbing, namely Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, Candidatus Liberibacter africanus and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus, which were categorized based on their presumptive geographical origins (Asian, African and American continents, respectively) and 16S rDNA molecular classification [ 17 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Candidatus Liberibacter spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large number of studies have shown that phytoplasma could co-infect plants, particularly phytoplasmas belonging to the different 16Sr subgroups or other pathogens, such as Candidatus Liberibacter spp. [ 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. There have been reports that citrus crops showing Huanglongbing symptoms were mixed infected by phytoplasma and the Candidatus Liberibacter spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Identification and Characterization of Two Groups of Phytoplasma and Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus in Single or Mixed Infection of Citrus maxima on Hainan Island of China

Zhu

Song

et al. 2022

Biology

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The pathogens associated with citrus Huanglongbing symptoms, including yellowing and mottled leaves in Citrus maxima, an important economic crop on Hainan Island of China, were identified and characterized. In the study, detection, genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship analysis of the pathogens were performed based on 16S rRNA and β-operon gene fragments specific to phytoplasma and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. The results indicated that the pathogens—such as phytoplasma strains of CmPII-hn belonging to the 16SrII-V subgroup and CmPXXXII-hn belonging to the 16SrXXXII-D subgroup, as well as Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus strains CmLas-hn—were identified in the diseased plant samples, with numbers of 12, 2 and 6 out of 54, respectively. Among them, mixed infection with the 16SrII-V subgroup phytoplasma and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus was found in the study, accounting for 7.4% (four samples). The phytoplasma strains of CmPII-hn—Tephrosia purpurea witches’ broom, Melochia corchorifolia witches’ broom and Emilia sonchifolia witches’ broom—were clustered into one clade belonging to the 16SrII-V subgroup, with a 99% bootstrap value. The phytoplasma strains of CmPXXXII-hn and Trema tomentosa witches’ broom belonging to 16SrXXXII-D, and the other 16SrXXXII subgroup strains were clustered into one clade belonging to the 16SrXXXII group with a 99% bootstrap value. There were 16 variable loci in the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the tested 16SrXXXII group phytoplasma strains, of which two bases had an insertion/deletion. The strains of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, identified in the study and the strains that had been deposited in GenBank, were in one independent cluster with a 99% bootstrap value. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that Citrus maxima can be infected by 16SrII-V and16SrXXXII-D subgroup phytoplasmas in China. Moreover, this is also the first report in which the plants are co-infected by 16SrII-V subgroup phytoplasmas and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. More comprehensive and detailed identification and characterization of the pathogens associated with the diseased symptoms in Citrus maxima on the island in China would be beneficial for epidemic monitoring and for the effective prevention and control of related plant diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Identification and Characterization of Two Groups of Phytoplasma and Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus in Single or Mixed Infection of Citrus maxima on Hainan Island of China

Zhu

Song

et al. 2022

Biology

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iPhyDSDB: Phytoplasma Disease and Symptom Database

Wei,

Shao,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Biology

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Phytoplasmas are small, intracellular bacteria that infect a vast range of plant species, causing significant economic losses and impacting agriculture and farmers’ livelihoods. Early and rapid diagnosis of phytoplasma infections is crucial for preventing the spread of these diseases, particularly through early symptom recognition in the field by farmers and growers. A symptom database for phytoplasma infections can assist in recognizing the symptoms and enhance early detection and management. In this study, nearly 35,000 phytoplasma sequence entries were retrieved from the NCBI nucleotide database using the keyword “phytoplasma” and information on phytoplasma disease-associated plant hosts and symptoms was gathered. A total of 945 plant species were identified to be associated with phytoplasma infections. Subsequently, links to symptomatic images of these known susceptible plant species were manually curated, and the Phytoplasma Disease Symptom Database (iPhyDSDB) was established and implemented on a web-based interface using the MySQL Server and PHP programming language. One of the key features of iPhyDSDB is the curated collection of links to symptomatic images representing various phytoplasma-infected plant species, allowing users to easily access the original source of the collected images and detailed disease information. Furthermore, images and descriptive definitions of typical symptoms induced by phytoplasmas were included in iPhyDSDB. The newly developed database and web interface, equipped with advanced search functionality, will help farmers, growers, researchers, and educators to efficiently query the database based on specific categories such as plant host and symptom type. This resource will aid the users in comparing, identifying, and diagnosing phytoplasma-related diseases, enhancing the understanding and management of these infections.

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Phytoplasma-Associated Diseases in South America: Thirty Years of Research

Montano,

Bertaccini,

Fiore

2024

Microorganisms

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Phytoplasma-associated diseases are mainly insect-transmitted and are present worldwide. Considering that disease detection is a relevant environmental factor that may elucidate the presence of these diseases, a review reporting the geographic distribution of phytoplasma taxa in geographically consistent areas helps manage diseases appropriately and reduce their spreading. This work summarizes the data available about the identification of the phytoplasma associated with several diverse diseases in South America in the last decades. The insect vectors and putative vectors together with the plant host range of these phytoplasmas are also summarized. Overall, 16 ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species were detected, and those most frequently detected in agricultural-relevant crops such as corn, alfalfa, grapevine, and other horticultural species are ‘Ca. P. pruni’, ‘Ca. P. asteris’, and ‘Ca. P. fraxini’.

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Survey for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ in Citrus in Chile

Cited by 3 publications

References 47 publications

Molecular Identification and Characterization of Two Groups of Phytoplasma and Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus in Single or Mixed Infection of Citrus maxima on Hainan Island of China

Molecular Identification and Characterization of Two Groups of Phytoplasma and Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus in Single or Mixed Infection of Citrus maxima on Hainan Island of China

iPhyDSDB: Phytoplasma Disease and Symptom Database

Phytoplasma-Associated Diseases in South America: Thirty Years of Research

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