Survey of Energy-Efficient and Power-Proportional Storage Systems

Llopis, Pablo; Blas, Javier García; Isaila, Florin; Carretero, Jesús

doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxt058

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…As discussed above, one possibility is to use hardware counters to model the CPU performance [98] and Intel RAPL to measure the CPU and memory controller power consumption [45,66]. At the whole compute infrastructure level, power proportionality arises as a crucial concept [39,70]. Even if the current hardware components are not power-proportional, we can see in the literature examples of system wide [47,105] and system specific models to achieve power-proportionality.…”

Section: Monitoring and Benchmarkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-efficient Algorithms for Ultrascale Systems

Carretero

Distefano

Petcu

et al. 2015

JSFI

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The chances to reach Exascale or Ultrascale Computing are strongly connected with the problem of the energy consumption for processing applications. For physical and economical reasons, the energy consumption has to be reduced significantly to make Ultrascale Computing possible. The research efforts towards energy-saving mechanisms of the hardware have already made energy-aware hardware systems available. However, to achieve a strong energy reduction, hardware mechanisms must be complemented with new energy-efficient software that can exploit them so that the foreseen energy savings actually result. In the software area, there also exist a multitude of research approaches towards energy saving, often concentrating either on the system software level or the application organization level, reflecting the expertise of the corresponding research group. The challenge of reducing the energy consumption dramatically to make Ultrascale Computing possible is so ambitious that a concerted action combining research efforts through all the software levels seems reasonable. In this article, we discuss the current research efforts and results related to energy efficiency in the diverse areas of software. We conclude with open problems and questions concerning energy-related techniques with an emphasis on the application or algorithmic side.

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Section: Monitoring and Benchmarkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-efficient Algorithms for Ultrascale Systems

Carretero

Distefano

Petcu

et al. 2015

JSFI

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“…Storage infrastructure accounts for approximately 25% of all power consumed by data centers [1], [2], with cloud service providers continuing to expand their storage infrastructure as the world's digital data grows exponentially [3]- [5]. To address this expansion in storage requirements, many hard disk drive (HDD)-based storage systems remain in use owing to their low cost per gigabyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous study, we observed that 99.7% of all I/O requests arose from the most recent 8% of data [9] in the workload of a mobile messenger service. It exhibits more heavily skewed I/O patterns than similar applications [3], [6]- [8] do, in which small amounts of data cause most of the traffic. Because read requests cannot tolerate latency owing to a spin-up delay, it is difficult to use the cold storage tier directly for these applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change Your Cluster to Cold: Gradually Applicable and Serviceable Cold Storage Design

Park¹,

Jo²,

Lee³

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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Because of its low cost per gigabyte, hard disk drive (HDD)-based storage are still extensively used despite consuming more power than flash-based storage. In particular, HDDs can be effectively used as cold storage for energy efficiency by making some drives in spin down. However, typical cold storage cannot be used owing to high access latency, unless it is used for archival or backup purposes. Furthermore, it is difficult to apply many power-proportional solutions because they require reconfiguration of the server power domain and adjustments to the data layout. In this paper, we propose a serviceable cold storage design that can be applied gradually to online services. The proposed design only modifies the data server of a typical distributed storage system to let it utilize the spin-up or spin-down features of disk drives and determine the data location. Because the modified data server appears identical to the existing data nodes, it can be implemented in the same manner as the addition or removal of a data server. Our prototype is implemented on Ceph, a well-known distributed storage system, and its effectiveness in managing the skewed I/O pattern of applications is demonstrated using a benchmark that can reproduce the real I/O patterns of the LINE mobile messenger application. INDEX TERMS Distributed storage, energy-efficiency, mobile messenger, serviceable cold storage.

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“…However, these disks are one of the largest sources of power consumption in large-scale storage systems. With power consumption on the rise, concern is being raised over the growing implications in terms of energy bills, carbon emissions and the infrastructure requirements of data centers [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these disks unsatisfactory due to their higher cost and lower capacity compared to hard disks [4]. Thus hard disks remain useful, especially in conjunction with powersaving techniques that can be exploited by disk spin up/down solutions [3], [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing I/O patterns for the design of energy-efficient image servers

Lee

Kang

Song

2014

2014 IEEE 33rd International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC)

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Hard disks are one of the largest sources of power consumption in large-scale storage systems. The disk spin up/down technique has been shown to be an effective solution to this problem. Accordingly, the Open Compute Project (OCP) proposed a storage server for cold data, known as Cold Storage, to reduce power consumption using the spin-down technique in large-scale storage systems. With the aim of making effective use of Cold Storage, we characterize the power consumed by a hard disk in its various modes of operation. We then analyze the workload of an instant messaging service. These our contributions should provide guidelines for the implementation of a stable and energy-efficient distributed file system on a Cold Storage server, and to establish a spin-down policy that is power-proportional and promotes reliability.

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Survey of Energy-Efficient and Power-Proportional Storage Systems

Cited by 6 publications

References 44 publications

Energy-efficient Algorithms for Ultrascale Systems

Energy-efficient Algorithms for Ultrascale Systems

Change Your Cluster to Cold: Gradually Applicable and Serviceable Cold Storage Design

Analyzing I/O patterns for the design of energy-efficient image servers

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