Survey of generation and dissipation of static electricity

Henry, P. S. H.

doi:10.1088/0508-3443/4/s2/302

Cited by 35 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…1, 3 and 5), is a well-known phenomenon and has been discussed repeatedly. 19,[58][59][60][61][62] It has been explained in terms of, for instance, charge-carrier diffusion along thermal gradients, 29 a suggestion that did not hold true in experiments. 59 For two polymers rubbed against each other, transfer of material in both directions has been observed, 63 and it has been suggested that charge might be transferred along with it.…”

Section: B Related Literature Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31,79 These processes may be linked to the adsorption and desorption of water from the atmosphere, 80 and they are probably most relevant to ionic charge at the surface produced by low frictional energies. An exchange of the triboelectric surface charge with the ambient atmosphere has also been proposed in the older triboelectric literature, 18,19,81 and its mechanism is likely related to the charge-transfer mechanism between dispersing water droplets and air, first studied by Lenard, who was inspired by the observation of negatively charged air at waterfalls ("Wasserfallelektrizität"). 82,83 …”

Section: Water As a Sink Of Chargementioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, water molecules, which possess strong dipoles and form hydrogen-bonded networks, are known to be ubiquitous in ambient conditions, adsorbing as films on hydrophilic surfaces and even on hydrophobic surfaces in the form of hydrogenbonded clusters. [70][71][72] It must furthermore be considered that typical maximal net contact charge densities are on the order of 10 -5 to 10 -4 C m -2 , 9,19 corresponding to only about one elementary charge carrier per 100 x 100 nm 2 . In comparison, one monolayer of water consists of about 10 5 molecules on such a surface area.…”

Section: B Water As a Source Of Triboelectric Chargementioning

confidence: 99%

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Squeezing out hydrated protons: low-frictional-energy triboelectric insulator charging on a microscopic scale

Knorr¹

2011

AIP Advances

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Though triboelectric charging of insulators is common, neither its mechanism nor the nature of the charge is well known. Most research has focused on the integral amount of charge transferred between two materials upon contact, establishing, e.g., a triboelectric series. Here, the charge distribution of tracks on insulating polymer films rubbed by polymer-covered pointed swabs is investigated in high resolution by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Pronounced bipolar charging was observed for all nine rubbing combinations of three different polymers, with absolute surface potentials of up to several volts distributed in streaks along the rubbing direction and varying in polarity on μm-length scales perpendicular to the rubbing direction. Charge densities increased considerably for rubbing in higher relative humidity, for higher rubbing loads, and for more hydrophilic polymers. The ends of rubbed tracks had positively charged rims. Surface potential decay with time was strongly accelerated in increased humidity, particularly for polymers with high water permeability. Based on these observations, a mechanism is proposed of triboelectrification by extrusions of prevalently hydrated protons, stemming from adsorbed and dissociated water, along pressure gradients on the surface by the mechanical action of the swab. The validity of this mechanism is supported by explanations given recently in the literature for positive streaming currents of water at polymer surfaces and by reports of negative charging of insulators tapped by accelerated water droplets and of potential built up between the front and the back of a rubbing piece, observations already made in the 19th century. For more brittle polymers, strongly negatively charged microscopic abrasive particles were frequently observed on the rubbed tracks. The negative charge of those particles is presumably due in part to triboemission of electrons by polymer chain scission, forming radicals and negatively charged ions

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Section: B Related Literature Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water As a Sink Of Chargementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: B Water As a Source Of Triboelectric Chargementioning

confidence: 99%

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Squeezing out hydrated protons: low-frictional-energy triboelectric insulator charging on a microscopic scale

Knorr¹

2011

AIP Advances

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“…A number of researchers (Shaw, 1917;Henry, 1957;Harper, 1967;Kornfeld, 1976;Ruckdeschel and Hunter, 1977) have suggested that contact electrification may be due to the transferring of ions from one surface to the other. However, it is difficult to accept this suggestion as the mechanism of charge transfer that usually occurs in metal-insulator contacts, although some researchers were influenced to believe so.…”

Section: B) Ion Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to present, no comprehensive theory of ion transfer has been developed yet. But the redistribution of positive and negative ions between two surfaces, which have just been in contact, has been intensely contemplated by Henry (1957). Henry proposed an indicative theory in which the several different driving forces, which could transfer ions from the surface of one insulator to another, were pulled into observance.…”

Section: B) Ion Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%