Survey of noncortical afferent projections to the basilar pontine nuclei: A retrograde tracing study in the rat

Abstract

The retrograde transport of the conjugate wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was used in the rat to identify the cell bodies of origin for all subcortical projections to the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN). A parapharyngeal surgical approach was used to allow the injection micropipette to enter the BPN from the ventral aspect of the brainstem and thus avoid any potential for false-positive labeling due to transection and injury-filling of axonal systems located dorsal to the basilar pontine gray. A surprisingly large number of BPN afferent cell groups were identified in the present study. Included were labeled somata in the lumbar spinal cord and a large variety of nuclei in the medulla, pons, and midbrain, as well as labeled cells in diencephalic and telencephalic nuclei such as the zona incerta, ventral lateral geniculate, hypothalamus, amygdala, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and the horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Quite a number of cell groups known to project directly to the cerebellum also exhibited labeled somata in the present study. To explore the possibility that such neurons were labeled because their axons were transected and injury-filled as they coursed through the BPN injection site to enter the cerebellum via the brachium pontis, a series of rats received complete, bilateral lesions of the brachium pontis followed 30-60 minutes later with multiple, diffuse injections of WGA-HRP (12-16 placements per animal) throughout the cerebellar cortex. In another series of animals, the massive cerebellar WGA-HRP injections were not preceded by brachium pontis lesions. In the latter cases, each of the cell groups in question that were known to project directly to the cerebellum exhibited labeled somata. However, when the cerebellar HRP injections were preceded by brachium pontis lesions, each of the cell groups in question continued to exhibit labeled somata in numbers comparable to that observed in the nonlesion cases. This implies that such neurons project to the BPN and the cerebellar cortex and that the axons of these particular neurons do not project to the cerebellum via the brachium pontis.

Neural circuitry and plasticity mechanisms underlying delay eyeblink conditioning

“…Pontine nuclei (PN) receive a massive amount of sensory information from cerebral cortical sensory areas and subcortical sensory nuclei (Glickstein et al 1972Mihailoff and Watt 1981;Mihailoff et al 1985Mihailoff et al , 1989Kosinski et al 1988;Legg et al 1989;Wells et al 1989). Much of this sensory information is relayed to the cerebellar deep nuclei and granule cell layer of the cortex (Shinoda et al 1992(Shinoda et al , 2000Mihailoff 1993).…”

Central amygdala lesions inhibit pontine nuclei acoustic reactivity and retard delay eyeblink conditioning acquisition in adult rats

“…The emotional significance (or motivational value) of the aversive US is thought to be encoded within the basolateral nucleus (BLA), which promotes association of the CS-US signals in the lateral nucleus (LA), increasing the arousal or attention directed at the CS via activation of central nucleus (CEA) projection neurons (Blair, Sotres-Bayon, Moita, & LeDoux, 2005;Penzo, Robert, & Li, 2014;Rorick-Kehn & Steinmetz, 2005;Sah & Armentia, 2003). The CEA could potentiate CS-evoked activity in the PN, the last site outside the cerebellum where CS sensory afferents converge, through monosynaptic and/or polysynaptic projections (Berger, Alger, & Thompson, 1976;Kandler & Herbert, 1991;Mihailoff, Kosinski, Azizi, & Border, 1989). In Taub and Mintz (2010), for instance, tone-evoked PN unit reactivity was increased during CS-US paired but not unpaired trials, while CEA inactivation (via lidocaine) prevented the increase in PN unit reactivity during presentation of the tone CS.…”

The Pretectal Complex of the Rabbit: Distribution of Acetylcholinesterase and Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Diaphorase Activities

“…However, the pretectum became the focus of much research after the finding by Magoun and Ranson [ 1 j that this area is involved in the mediation of the pupillary light reflex, as well as in other mechanisms underlying visually guided behavior [2], Visuomotor pretectal functions are also implied in pretectal pro jections to the pontine nuclei [3,4] and the inferior olive [5]. These projections apparently serve as sources of visual delimitation from the epithalamus has caused some confu sion 113].…”