Survey of viruses belonging to different genera and species in noble garlic in Brazil

Abstract

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a host to several viruses, most commonly those belonging to the Allexivirus, Carlavirus, or Potyvirus genera. Nine species distributed among these three genera have been reported in Brazil: two species within carlaviruses, two within potyviruses, and five within allexiviruses. To quantify the prevalence of these viruses, young leaves from 520 plants (plants either symptomatic or asymptomatic) were collected from commercial fields grown in four Brazilian states and analyzed using universal and species-specific primers via the

A new virus found in garlic virus complex is a member of possible novel genus of the family Betaflexiviridae (order Tymovirales)

“…Aiming the identification of garlic-infecting RNA viruses following an unbiased approach, total RNA from eight garlic cultivars was high-throughput sequenced. Overall, virus isolates taxonomically classified in ten virus species were identified, nine of them having been previously reported in garlic VCs (Bereda, Paduch-Cichal & Dabrowska, 2017; Mituti et al, 2015; Wylie et al, 2014). The biological effects of these virus infections on the different garlic cultivars remains to be investigated, but based on previous studies they might compromise the growing of plants and bulbs (Conci, Canavelli & Lunello, 2003; Lunello, Rienzo & Conci, 2007).…”

“…In these VCs, garlic viruses A-to-D (GVA, GVB, GVC, and GVD), garlic virus X (GVX), and garlic mite-borne mosaic virus (GMbMV) (Bereda, Paduch-Cichal & Dabrowska, 2017; Mituti et al, 2015; Wylie et al, 2014; Ardisson-Araújo et al, 2013) are often reported. These allexiviruses are transmitted by eriophyid mites (Kang et al, 2007).…”

“…However, as for most of the viruses found in such complexes, their worldwide spread is generally due to the transportation of bulbs or other plant parts for vegetative propagation with no phytosanitary inspections. Other examples of viruses often identified in VCs are potyviruses transmitted by aphids such as garlic mosaic virus (GMV), leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) and onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) (Fajardo et al, 2001; Mituti et al, 2015; Wylie et al, 2014) and the carlaviruses garlic latent virus (GLV), garlic common latent virus (GCLV) and shallot latent virus (SLV) (Tsuneyoshi et al, 1998). Besides these viruses with positive single-stranded RNA genomes, iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) (family Tospoviridade ) has drawn attention for infecting both garlic and onion (Bag et al, 2015).…”

Agronomic performance of both virus-infected and virus-free garlic with different seed bulbs and clove sizes

“…Virus multiplication and dissemination in garlic, from one production cycle to another, is facilitated by propagules (bulbs and cloves) due to the vegetative propagation. The presence of a viral complex in garlic, formed by the genera Allexivirus, Carlavirus, and Potyvirus (Mituti et al, 2011(Mituti et al, , 2015Oliveira et al, 2014;Torrico et al, 2015) causes a drastic reduction of the vegetative vigor and productivity of the crop over time (Perotto et al, 2010;Oliveira et al, 2014;Velásquez-Valle et al, 2017), leading to the degeneracy of cultivars.…”

Filogeografia, epidemiologia viral e capacidade evolutiva via rearranjo genético de Tospovirus

“…Este tipo de interação também pode ocorrer entre espécies de grupos taxonômicos distintos. Como exemplo, podemos citar o padrão de infecções múltiplas observado em plantas de alho, as quais são infectadas concomitantemente por espécies dos gêneros Potyvirus, Allexivirus e Carlavirus (Fayad-Andre et al, 2011;Mituti et al, 2014). Infecções mistas também são comuns entre espécies pertencentes a um mesmo gênero, sendo essa associação, causadora de doenças em importantes culturas, como o complexo de espécies de Begomovirus responsável pela 'Cotton leaf curl disease' em algodoeiro (Briddon et al, 2003).…”