Survey on efficacy of chloroformic extract of Artemisia annua against Giardia lamblia trophozoite and cyst in vitro

Abstract

Giardiasis is a parasitic cosmopolitan disease that the rate of infection in developing countries is considerable. This infection directly is associated with poor hygienic conditions, poor water quality control, and overcrowding. Reinfection and drug resistance are two major problems in endemic areas. Recently, researchers are concentrating on herbal drugs as a proper solution. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to survey on efficacy of chloroformic extract of Artemisia annua against Giardia lamblia trophozoite and cyst in vitro. G. lamblia cysts were prepared from faces of giardiasis patients from different hospitals of Mazandaran Medical University. Four concentrations (1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of chloroformic extract of A. annua were utilized for 1, 5, 30, 60 and 180 min. Viability of G. lamblia cysts was confirmed by 0.1 % Eosin staining. Cyst and trophozoite contact (intermix) of G. lamblia with extract of A. annua with variant concentrations (1, 10, 50 and 100 mg/ml) after 1 and 180 min caused following cyst and trophozoite elimination rates: (67, 69, 71 and 73 %), (65, 67, 67 and 72 %), (94, 96, 97 and 99 %) and (100, 100, 100 and 100 %), respectively. Authors from the current investigation draw a conclusion that chloroformic extract of A. annua has the ability to eliminate G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites in vitro.

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of nano Micana cordifolia and Metronidazole: an in vitro study

“…Bavand et al (2014) has studied the effect of gold nanoparticles in the three concentrations of 0.05, 0.1 and 1.3 ppm on the human isolates of Giardia lamblia cyst. In that study, the researchers have compared the effects of gold nanoparticles with Metronidazole (positive control group) (Golami et al 2016). The results of this study have shown that gold nanoparticles in concentration of 0.3 were able to destroy 96% of this G. lamblia within 180 min while the Metronidazole destroyed 99% of this parasite which there is no statistically significant difference.…”

Spatial distribution of Giardia lamblia infection among general population in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran

“…The encysted stage of the organism is relatively resistant to chlorination and ozonolysis can remain viable for several weeks. Humans are considered as the most significant reservoir hosts for human giardiasis (Adam 2001;Al-Mekhlafi et al 2013), with outbreaks occasionally occurring due to mass exposure to insanitry water and food containing cysts of the parasite and direct contact with infected individuals, particularly in child care centers (Gholami et al 2016). Giardiasis is of particular concern in developing countries with a prevalence ranging from 20 to 60% compared to 2-7% in industrialized countries (Faraji et al 2015;Yakoob et al 2005).…”

Artemisia Annua Ethanolic Extract Mitigated Small Intestinal Lesions in Hamsters Infected With Giardia Lamblia Possibly Through Modulation of Mucosal Immunity

“…This nding is in line with Alin and Bjorkman [64] observation who demonstrated that artemisinin, an Artemisia annua derivative, inhibited the growth of malaria parasite in a concentration dependent manner. Additionally, in vitro experiments of [45] demonstrated that Artemisia annua extracts destroyed giardia trophozoites in concentration and time dependent manners. Therefore, reduction of Giardia lamblia trophozoite counts after treatment with Artemisia annua extracts could be through inhibition of its growth and/or direct killing of trophozoites by Artemisia annua.…”

“…In this regard, Artemisia annua has showed effectiveness against trypanosomiasis [39], schistosomiasis [40], toxoplasmosis [41], leishmaniasis [42,43] and coccidiosis [44]. Additionally, in vitro experiments have shown that extracts of Artemisia annua plant were effective against Giardia lambliain vitro [45].…”